Usachev V. A, Kalnina A. A

Donetsk National University of economics and trade named after Michailo

Tugan-Baranovsky

Accounting principles of organization of operating in the bank

Bank - the main structural unit sphere of money circulation. Product of the banking activities are services related to the organization of payment and settlement, accounting businesses and individuals, keeping money, credit, and performing other banking operations.

The result of the bank - are the economic benefits received by them and their clients. In the activities of the bank accounting plays an important role, which provides information on the formation of the flow of funds and their sources.

The problem of accounting for commercial banks:

· To complete and accurate information about the financial and business processes and results of operations necessary for the operational management and reporting.

· Control over the availability and movement of funds, tangible and intangible assets, financial resources, and other values and their sources.

· Providing bank customers timely and accurate information about the flow of funds in payment, loan or other accounts.

Accounting principles in the banks, as well as in institutions and enterprises of other sectors of the economy are the same. Following a single methodological basis, bank accounting has distinctive features; due to the specifics maintained the monetary, which is reflected in the organization of accounting and operational work. The bulk of transactions conducted in the bank - transactions related to cash flow, payments and settlements. It presupposes the particular requirements for documentation, workflow, and document storage, record keeping and reporting of the bank.

Accounting rules and reporting in banks defined in the Regulations of the State Bank of the USSR № 7 on 30.09.1987 .When using this manual should be considered a modern processing technology of bank records and methods of control for its accuracy.

Organization of accounting and operational work in the bank includes:

• construction accounting and operational staff;

• the organization of work and document management;

• Internal control.

In the structure of accounting and operational staff of banks allocate user groups that maintain accounts with homogeneous economic content. The number of groups and their composition depend on the activities of the bank and its scope.

For example, billing customers performs operations department, consisting of the principal investigators (accounting and operational staff). Responsibility performs services for companies and citizens committed by them in the bank settlement and cash transactions. They are trusted by the bank's employees, draw up and sign the settlement and monetary instruments.

Balances and transactions are distributed among the perpetrators, are recorded in a special book and executed and signed by the chief accountant of the workers.

Organization of accounting and operational work in a bank must provide the following:

1. All operations with the documents received from the client during the operating time are accounted in the same day (operation time is set by the bank itself).

2. Transmission of documents processed by CC bank made during the day on schedule, but at least 1.5 - 2 hours before the end, in order to enter the required information, process it on the financial statements of the day.

3. Balance daily balance is not later than the next working day (as an extract from the correspondent bank account come the next day after surgery).

Organization of accounting and operational work requires the establishment of a banking institution of the order of passing documents at every stage of processing. For this chart and the scheme document, approved by the supervisor.

The schedule shall provide for:

• The time required to process the documents received by the bank prior to servicing.

For example, documents such as statements of correspondent accounts, data collection proceeds in cash and the amount of money taken by night depository, etc.;

• Schedule customer service for more uniform load;

• the time to complete and process documents received to the bank after the end of the trading day.

When making bank transactions to maintain control over the legality of the procedures and save money. Responsible contractor shall verify compliance with the established rules of calculation, accuracy of the document and certify it with his signature. If the document is subject to additional controls, it is passed the supervisory employee. The audit supervisors are the signature of bank employees, as well as the signature and stamp of the bank customers. After checking the controller operation is completed.

All sales are recorded in the accounts, which systematize them with varying degrees of detail. The most common account - synthetic - defined chart of accounts, which is economically viable systematic list of accounts.

The presence of a common list of accounts can make the information on the bank's available to external users and compile it in a single report of the National Bank of Ukraine. Detailed information is given analytical accounts, and the degree of detail determined by the needs of bank management.

All accounts are divided into the balance sheet and off-balance sheet. Accounting balance sheet accounts is a way of double entry, which provides reception of the bank balance. Off-balance sheet accounts are accounted for as receipts and expenditures without double entry. Codes balance sheets consist of 3 characters. The first two characters on the left - the account of the first order, which are detailed with a third, sign on the account of the second order.

For example:

01 Bank Funds;

010 Authorized capitals;

011 Reserve fund;

012 Special Funds.

Off-balance sheet account codes consist of four digits, the first two of them - "99."

Operations carried out for the day, are summarized in the daily reporting, which includes balance sheet and off-balance sheet accounts. Balance Sheet - a grouping of economic resources and sources of education in terms of money on a specified date. Balance is the main form of financial statements, which describes the financial performance of the bank and used for its analysis and control. It reflects the state of the funds raised and the bank's equity, as well as their placement in the credit and other operations.

Bank's balance sheet, unlike the company's balance sheet production sector, built on the principle of one-sided group accounts. In one section, it can be active, passive and active-passive accounts. The balance is made every day.

Operational reporting requires precise accounting organization in the bank. Most of the operations of banks (settlement, cash, credit, etc.) are treated on the basis of accounting buhgatgerskom monetary settlement documents. Standardized forms and documents izgotashsh-vayutsya typographically in standard forms or printed on a computer. Each standard document contains the basic details: name of the document form number, document number and date of issue, the name and place of business of the payer and the payee, account number, purpose of payment (maintenance operations), the amount of the operation, code to handle client information , his signature and seal, signature of bank employees, to validate the document.

All documents should be properly and clearly designed. Corrections in the monetary and banking settlement documents are not allowed. At the place of formation documents are divided into bank includes banks, and client received from companies and organizations as well as citizens. An example of banking instruments are cash (credit and debit), memorial warrants, orders of a loan to pay for the settlement documents, expense reports reporting entities. To client documents include requests for payments, orders, receipts, time liabilities on loans, etc.

Monetary and payment documents to the nature of banking operations are divided into cash, memorial and memorandum. Documents are made cash transactions for acceptance and issuance of cash. Of credit cash instruments include: ad clients deposit money in the bank office, petty cash receipts, receipts, receiving money. To cash out documents include checks for the money and spending cash orders. Checkbooks (registered or bearer) issued to customers on their application. Expendable cash order is issued the deposits. Credit and debit cash receipts are applied when making intra-operations, such as: the return of petty cash and the payment of advances and wages to employees of the bank. Memorial records are used for non-cash transfers in the accounts.

These are submitted to the bank customer payment requests, orders, payment receipts and other documents, as well as memorial order to process transactions in a partial payment of payment orders, partial repayment of loans, etc. For off-balance sheet instruments include off-balance sheet credit and debit orders. These documents are made welcome and delivery of valuables and documents stored in the hand and in the accounting department. All cash and memorial documents are the basis for carrying out banking operations must have signatures of officials of the bank, to issue and validate them.

The signatories are responsible for the legality of the operation and accuracy of documents. Some operations are subject to additional control and therefore signed, after the perpetrators, a senior bank employees.

Banks must ensure that the safety of accounting documents. Responsibility for the proper organization and maintenance of order filing rests with the manager and chief accountant of the bank, which instruct employees, allocate and assign them space to store documents in cabinets and other storage areas. Accounting documents are filed for each working day in the ascending order of the numbers of debit or credit balance accounts. A compilation by the employee who is responsible for the formation documents.

Documents for the previous day must be made no later than the next day. The number and total amount of documents certified by the signatures on the cover to form an employee, the chief accountant or his deputy, and on cash instruments, as senior cashier. Seizure of documents on deposits allowed only at the request of the court or the investigating authorities in connection with criminal cases.

When removing the original document prepared in duplicate certificate or protocol withdrawal signed by the chief accountant of the bank or his deputy. The instrument or protocol should be specified at whose request the document withdrawn. The second copy of the report or the protocol is given a named representative. In place of the original document is placed seized a certified copy of the Chief Accountant, the first copy of the report or the minutes and the demand for withdrawal of the document with the receipt the person who received the original document. The seizure of the chief accountant makes his signature label on the cover of the folder with the documents.