GULNUR ARIPZHAN

the master-teacher of the International Kazakh-Turkish University,Turkistan

ADILBAYEVA RSALDI

the master-teacher of the International Kazakh-Turkish University,Turkistan

THE PECULIARITIES AND SIMILARITIES OF “MENIN ATIM KOZHA” BY BERDIBEK SOKPAKPAEV AND “THE ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN ” BY MARK TWAIN

This article deals with the similarities and peculiarities of “Menin atim Kozha” by Berdibek Sokpakbayev and “The adventures of Huckleberry Finn” by Mark Twain

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is the noblest, greatest, and most adventuresome novel in the world and it is characterized by Mark Twain’s definite style that depicts a realism about the society back in antebellum America. Huckleberry Finn is definitely characterized as a protagonist, the intelligent and sympathetic boy. The work is written by the direct candid manner of writing as though through the actual voice of Huck. Every word, thought, and speech by Huck is so precise it reflects even the racism and black stereotypes typical of the era.

The novel is mainly based on Twain's exploration of race and society, two of the major thematic concerns in Huckleberry Finn. We see quickly that, in the town of St. Petersburg, owning slaves is considered normal and unremarkable—even the Widow Douglas, a pious Christian, owns slaves. The slaves depicted in the novel are "household slaves," slaves who worked on small farms and in homes in which the master owned only a few slaves. Twain implicitly contrasts this type of slavery with the more brutal form of plantation slavery, in which hundreds of slaves worked for a single master, creating greater anonymity between slave and master, which in turn led to more backbreaking labor—and, often, extreme cruelty. Twain's portrayal of slaveholding in this first chapter also raises questions about the hypocrisy and moral vacuity of society. Throughout the novel, Huck encounters seemingly good people who happen to own slaves—an incongruity that is never easily resolved. Widow Douglas, for example, is not thoroughly evil. People like the Widow serve as foils for Huck throughout the novel, as he tries to sort out the value of civilizing influences. Huck is a kind of natural philosopher, skeptical of social doctrines like religion and willing to set forth new ideas—for example, his idea that hell might actually be a better place than the Widow Douglas's heaven. Now she had got a start, and she went on and told me all about the good place. She said all a body would have to do there was to go around all day long with a harp and sing, forever and ever. So I didn 't think much of it. But I never said so[ 1,p.4].

Through the novel we see that Huck is at the center of countless failures and breakdowns in the society around him, yet he maintains his characteristic resilience. Indeed, Huck's family, the legal system, and the community all fail to protect him or to provide a set of beliefs and values that are consistent and satisfying to him. Huck's wrongful imprisonment elicits sympathy and concern on our part, even though this imprisonment does not seem to distress Huck in the least. Sadly, Huck is so used to social abuses by this point in his life that he has no reason to prefer one set of abuses over the other. Likewise, although Pap is a hideous, hateful man in nearly every respect, Huck does not immediately abandon him when given the chance. Pap is, after all, Huck's father, and Huck is still a fairly young boy. Ultimately, Pap's kidnapping of Huck provides an opportunity for Huck to break from this society that has done him harm.

Further we become spectators of Huck’s alienation from society, running with negro boy called Jim. Huck and Jim, both alienated from society in fundamental ways, find themselves sharing a pastoral, dreamlike setting: a safe, peaceful island where food is abundant. From this point in the novel forward, their fates are linked. Jim has had no more say in his own fate as an adult than Huck has had as a child. Both in peril, Huck and Jim have had to break with society. Freed from the hypocrisy and injustice of society, they find themselves in what seems a paradise, smoking a pipe, watching the river, and feasting on catfish and wild berries...When breakfast was ready we lolled on the grass and eat it smoking hot [15,p.26].Two episodes in these chapters, however, remind Huck and Jim of the looming threat from outside and give us the sense that this fantasy on the island is unlikely to last. The first involves the house that floats down the river past the island. Here they find a dead man It's a dead man. Yes, indeedy; naked, too. He's ben shot in de back. I reck'n he's ben dead two er three days. Come in, Huck, but doan' look at his face — it's too gashly" [1,p.30].

We see the moral and societal importance of Huck and Jim's journey in Huck's profound moral crisis about whether he should return Jim to Miss Watson. In the viewpoint of Southern white society, Huck has effectively stolen $800—the price the slave trader has offered for Jim—from Miss Watson. However, Jim's comment that Huck is the only white man ever to keep his word to him shows that Huck has been treating Jim not as a slave but as a man. This newfound knowledge, along with Huck's guilt, keep Huck from turning Jim in. This decision represents a big step in Huck's development, as he realizes that his conscience may be a better guide than the dictates of the white society in which he has been raised.Jim's reemergence on the raft and the encounter with the duke and the dauphin illustrate the shifting power dynamics between blacks and whites as Huck and Jim move further down the river.

Through several chapters we witness several milestones in Huck's development, As Huck acts on his conscience for the first time and takes concrete steps to thwart the schemes of the duke and the dauphin we can witness the great rush of Huck's development. Although Huck has shown an increasing maturity and sense of morality as the novel has progressed, he has been tentative in taking sides or action, frequently hedging his bets and qualifying the statements he makes.. The first concrete action Huck takes is his retrieval of the $6,000 in gold, which he places in Wilks's coffin.Moreover Jim's capture significantly matures Huck, for it convinces him to break with the con men for good and leads him to a second moment of moral reckoning.

Huck searches the social and religious belief systems that white society has taught him for a way out of his predicament about turning Jim in. In the end, Huck is unable to pray because he cannot truly believe in these systems, for he cares too much about Jim to deny Jim's existence and humanity.

The ending of Huckleberry Finn reveals that our protagonist Huck does overcome some social prejudices of slavery because he is concerned with the well-being of his runaway slave friend Jim. That the mockery of the slave race in the end allowed by Huck is more about fulfilling the awes of Huck towards Tom. The novel is a success because it does not fail to capture the one singular point of growing up for Huck: boyhood. The adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a wonderful book that captures the heart of the reader in its brilliance and innocence. Despite many critics have attacked its racist perspective; the piece merely represents a reality that occurred during antebellum America, the setting of the novel.

From the opening pages of "Menin atim Kozha" we can feel a deeper personality of Kozha; that he is not just a mischievous school boy with a humorous way of thinking and speaking, but also he is a thoughtful young man who is willing and eager to question the facts of life. Атымды айта бастасам, тілім таңдайыма жабысып қалгандай болады да тұрады. Адамның атының суйкімді болуы да зор бақытпа деймін. Мәселен, Мұрат, Болат, Ербол, Бақыт деген аттар айтуга да ықшам, ecmip құлаққа да жагымды [3,р. 226].

Through the above sited paragraph the reader can witness his disapproval of giving a name to a new born child in "Shildehana" when aninfant is put in a cradle. From his thoughts about his surname that is given under his father's name, who died in the World War II, a deep nostalgia, endless and eternal love to his father can be felt and his nostalgia to his father foreshadows his disgust to Karatay who is willing to marry his widow mother.

Kaдip — менің әкем. Ex, шіркін дүние-ай десеңші «Әке» деген Қандай жақын,қандай ыстық! ...Өйткені ол майданга аттанганда, мен екі жастамын. Екі жасар акымақ не біледі, не mүcінeдi? Сол кеткеннен абзал әкем мол кemmi, оралмады... [3,р. 22 7].

By depicting Hozha's deep nostalgia to his father, B. Sokpakbaev emphasizes an unique role of father for child and for woman too, and the children's disgust to stepfather. This is what our main character is worried about.Though the novel focused on Kozha's gradual transition from mischivious boyhood to a respectable and trustworthy adulthood it touches upon a certain family problem like having a stepfather.

-Ал күйеу керек пе әйелге? Меніңше, әбден керек..Егер оның күйеуг, ягни менің әкем mipi болса, К,аратай ұятсыз мамама езеуреп сөз айтпақ. түгіл, оның маңынан жүре алар ма eдi[22,p.228]. The scene in which we observe Kozha's misbehavior in Karatay's presence, who proposes to Kozha's mother Millat, conveys Kozha's abhorrence towards Karatay. Қаратайды мен қандай жексұрын көрсем, жасыл мотоциклді сондай жексұрын кө eм[3,page-229].

Kozha's interior monologue that is followed after Karatay's departure also helps to pinpoint his thoughtful youth and his level of maturity, i.e., he assumes responsibility for her mother's and grandmother's future and by his interior monologue we witness the great authority and good nature of Kozha's mother .In fact Kozha's mother Millat is willing to marry Karatay. She is a woman of great authority and respectibility and responsibility. By portraying Millat Berdibek tries to describe the great authority of Kazakh woman.

. Ол акылды, тәрбиелі адам. Ауылдың үлкен-кішісі бәрі бірдей алдынан қия басып втпей, хан квтеріп, құрметтеп тұратыны да сол мінезінен емес пе. Онсыз мамамды екі бірдей сайлауда қатарынан аудандық советке депутат emin сайларма eдi [3,p.232].

As В. Sokpakbaev describes a trace scene in the beach in Chapter 3, he shows Kozha's feeling of love to Zhanar that depicts Kozha's maturity. Not every boy at the age of Kozha feels affection to girls.In other words B.Sokpakbaev allows us to trace Kozha's developing maturity in his conduct and interaction with others yet he is still immature.

Шомылайын деп, өзенге келе жатырмын Иә, Жанардың ізі. Иә, бұл Жанардың ізі болуга muic. Бойымды тәтті 6ip сезім жайлайды да, сол күйде қимылдамастан тұрып қаламын[3,Р.234].

So we can conclude that Zhantas is presented as Kozha's opposite by his words and deeds whose heart is basically evil, whereas Kozha is a mischief-maker with a noble heart. However Kozha's ridiculous misbehavior towards his adviser Maihanova that makes Kozha feel a great embarrassment and causes to his deep regret afterwards again maintains Kozha's deep conscience and noble personality.

Kozha wants to go to the zhailau because Kozha's disappointment by his class adviser who does not allow him to go to the summer camp when all school-children enjoy it and his quarrel with his beloved Zhanar alienate Kozha from the society and ends with his accompaniment with Sultan who is full of malicious lies and scams and who lacks the society approval for his lazy lifestyle and freedom,

In Sultan В. Sokpakbayev created a character who exemplifies freedom within and from the society. Sultan is engaged in and often the organizer of childhood pranks. No one requires him to attend school as his father defends him so much. And it is understandable that Sultan smokes.

Through relating the boys' trip to Zhailau, B.Sokpakbaev depicts picturesque scenery of the Kazakh steppe and unique national mode of life that is characteristic to only the Kazakh people; i.e., Kazakh people have lived in "Zhailau" in the summer seasons and in "Kistau" in the winter seasons as they have initially mastered in cattle-breeding. The words like "Kiyizui'V'kurt", "mal kiyi", "kimiz'V'kubipisu", "malakai","kokpar"and "karakol" "seri""saigilik"are closely connected with cattle breeding that depicts Kazakh people's national mode of life. This is the one of the notable peculiarities of the novel.

Also Sultan is illiterate, ignorant, violent, profoundly betrayer and a robber.

Дымың iшiңдe болсын, Қара Көже.

— Лүп emin уайым көлеңкесі жүгірді менің көңлімде. «Мына қу бұны елгг
үйден жымқырып кеткеннен саума eкeн?»[3,p.259] .Kozha contrasts Sultan in
every way; he is structurally educated and seemingly a conscious patriot of his
country .Initially the boy's trip to zhailauhe scene in which Kozha and Sultan
comes to the nearest Zhailau and their tricking a small boy' for having a "kumiz"
and Sultan's stealing a wonderful "malakai" gives us understanding of both of their
characters. Kozha is identified with a deep kindness, Sultan is manifested with
absurdity and blind ignorance

However Kozha is not only a knowledgeable boy but also he is a boy with great modesty and moral. In the following examples B.Sokpakbaev gives us a direct description of his moral crisis, through building an atmosphere of being ashamed Кірмегенім қара жер, өз-өзім болгалы еңсем мұндай түсіп көрмеген шыгар....Мен қазір Сұлтанды, көзіме көріне қалса, жеп қойгалы келе жатырмын. Оның опасыздық қылыгына қалай ыза болмайын [3,р. 263].

The novel is rich in Kazakh quotations and sayings like "Erkanati-at" [3,p-239], "Тек zhursen, tokz huresin" [3,p-246], "Zhaksimen dos bolsan , zhetersin muratka, zhamanmen dos bolsan , kalarsin uyatka" [3,p-265], "Zhigilgan ustine zhudirik" [3,p-266], "Beynetsiz enbekte zeinet bola ma", "arzarmin zhiligi tati ma", "Koyindikka kulash sermek " [3,p-296], "Misikka byin, tishkanga olim" [3, p-310]. By selecting a first-person narration B.Sokpakbayev tries to show how inquisitive and broadminded Hozha is and to give a vivid evidence about great wisdom and deep psychology F Kazakh people.

Basically B.Sokpakbaev allows us to trace Kozha's development through establishing the importance of each facts in a boy's life. In chapter-15 B.Sokpakbaev uses Zhantas to manifest Hozha's bravity and couscience. Whereas Hozha is brave with much conscience, Zhantas is coward.Қойсаңшы, еркек болганы құрсын Жантастың. Маган біреу әлгіндей icmece, әлім келсін-келмесін, сол арада қолында өлем [3,p.278].

Though Kozha has been greatly disappointed by Sultan's treachery his thoughts about Sultan reassure Hozha's fascination in Sultan. Әй, Сұлтан, Сұлтан. Сенің бойыңда кici қызыгарлық өнер-қабілеттер толып жатыр-ау. ....батылсыңда, жомартсың. Бірақ арамдыгыңда бар: өтірік айтасың, ұрлық істейсің. Егер оқуды тастамасаң, әлгі айтылган лас қылықтарыңнан ада болсаң, сенен түбінде жаман азамат шықпас edi [3,р.280] .To tell truth, Sultan is clearly more independent and in certain way's more mature than Kozha. It is understandable that Kozha defers to Sultan's imagination and initiatives like in the scenes of fishing and becoming "gangs". Kozha and Sultan's immediate fantasy to be "gangs" by signing "blood oath" adds an authentic outlaw element to the novel. The boy's trip to the river in the forest and their plan for "a gang career" demonstrate their imaginative energy and innocence also their awareness of the literary character. Though their giving blood oath is associated with childhood, their inclinations of becoming gangs is a turning point which manifests Kozha's moving away from childhood to adolescences. Although much of the novel concerns Kozha's gradual acclimation to the adult world,Kozha and Sultan's discovery of convenient place for being gangs seems to reaffirm their childhood activities.

So, we can say for sure that Kozha fluctuates between immature behavior -accompanying with Sultan, tripping to the forest for beinga gang -and mature behavior. The fact that his being jealous of Zhanar when she is beside Zhantas, his Through depicting Kozha's difficulty in writing a love letter to Zhanar, B.Sokpakbaev uses a fact about Kozy-Korpesh-Bayansulu, which is a tragedy love story that symbolizes a real love .«Жанар, мен сені керемет жақсы көрем!».. «Ж... К,озы мен Баян секілді болайық [3,р.295].

Kozha's general misbehavior which climaxes in the gang adventure where Kozha and Sultan hunt Abdibay's duck is the turning point in the plot of the novel which ends with Kozha's witnessing Sultan's treachery for the second time after which Kozha acts on his conscience for the first time and takes concrete steps to a new life.

Parental love and indulgence that B.Sokpakbayev portrays in chapter-21 makes Kozha feel more remorseful and we are allowed to observe his moral crisis, his regret in this interior monologue that manifests him as a man of deep conscience .... алдымдагы жер тесік болса, көзімді жұмып, күмп берген болар едгм... [3,p.301 -304]. This instance conveys that Kozha has a initially good and strong moral conscience. We quickly see thatKozha is at the center of countless failures and breakdowns in the society around him, yet he maintains his characteristic resilience. Indeed, Kozha's friend Sultan fails to protect him and Kozha fails a set of beliefs and values that are consistent and satisfying to him. Kozha's wrongful imprisonment elicits sympathy and concern on our part.

However all his mischievous activities in the hunting scene and in the frog scene" are not done by his own part and by his mischief-activities, pranks in the teachers "council" that is devoted for mainly Kozha's misbehavior. By Kozha's confession in chapter-26 B. Sokpakbayev establishes Kozha's responsibility, well-avidness and moral maturation Әрине, бәріне өзім айыптымын. Осының бәрі тәртіпсіз мінез-құлқымның нашарлыгының кесапаты...Жоқ, жетеді Ақымақтъқты енді догаруым керек! Түзелуім керек [3,р.313].

Kozha's delightment by his mother's assurance not to marry Karatay is the significant fact in Kozha's life as it encourages Kozha with a new enthusiasm to the new world.

In a way, the class rewards Kozha for his responsibility and gives Kozha a chance to keep his words and he and it means that Kozha deserves trust.

The ending of "Menin atim Kozha" reveals Kozha to be more trustworthy and punctual than we realize. His secret council with himself alone in his room and his mature decision that follow the class council for Kozha's misbehavior are the real evidences of his moral maturations. B. Sokpakbaev as the novel is concerned in Kozha's personal growth , it follows the development of Kozha from childhood through adolescence and into adulthood. Hozha regains his sense of perspective and marks a return to the world of real dreams. Finally, we see our Kozha embracing a new world with a new desire and a new courage, a new dream to a bright future and achieves a great level of maturity.

Now as we have analyzed two novels we can say for sure that the followings are notable and the most significant peculiarities of the works.

The most conspicuous distinction of "the adventures of Huckleberry Finn' is that it deals with the certain docial problem of the society, i.e Twain's exploration of race and society, two of the major thematic concerns, is quickly seen in "the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn". Owning slaves is considered normal and unremarkable in the town of St. Petersburg. Twain implicitly contrasts this type of slavery with the more brutal form of plantation slavery, in which hundreds of slaves worked for a single master, creating greater anonymity between slave and master, which in turn led to more backbreaking labor—and, often, extreme cruelty.

• Huckleberry Finn is considered by many to be Mark Twain's finest
creation. Huck lacks Tom's imagination; he is a simple boy with little
education.Huck lacks of being indoctrinated with social values in the
same way a middle-class boy, like Tom Sawyer One measure of his
character is a proneriess to deceit, which seems instinctive, a trait
shared by other wild things and relating him to nature—in opposition to
Tom's tradition-grounded, book-learned, imaginative deceptions.

• Unlike Kozha, who is parentless but has Aunt Polly to limit his liberty,
Huck has no adults controlling him at all. It means that Huck possesses
a free lifestyle whereas Tom and Kozha lack. Huck's freedom is
presented by Huck's exclusion. Huck's exclusion means that he is not
being allowed to play a game with many other children and Huck's low
social status that affords him

• Like Kozha, Huck is a naive boy and is influenced and
fascinated by others, particular by his imaginative friend, Tom.
However Huckleberry is also a very important character that Huck acts
based on his own morals. Despite the Widow Douglas's and Miss
Watson's attempt to, "sivilize" Huck by teaching, sheltering, and
instructing him on how to behave, Huck's actions throughout the novel
do not always reflect their teachings. The protagonist has limited
perspective and his outlook in life is honest, containing no propagandist
suggestions. Huck neither advocates slavery nor does he protest against
it. He sees slavery as a natural occurrence in daily life and the inferior
disposition of slavery to be of little significance. Huckleberry Finn still stands as a powerful portrayal of experience
through the newfound eyes of an innocent boy.

• As a poor, uneducated boy, for all intents and purposes an orphan,
Huck distrusts the morals and precepts of the society that treats him as
an outcast and fails to protect him from abuse.

• As the novel "Menin atim Kozha" is mainly concerned with the gradual development from mischief-maker and maker-believe boyhood to a well-behaved adulthood, it never touches upon a certain social problem like in "The adventures of Huckleberry Finn";

• Though Kozha is a trouble-maker and make-believe he is a not as a leader and also he is not as imaginative and adventuresome , vice versa Kozha is fascinated by initiative-taker , imaginative boy Sultan;

• In comparison with Huck, Kozha is more structurally educated school boy. Kozha does very well at school and he is intelligent. Kozha's intelligence is purely conveyed in his thoughts about his country and about great Kazakh celebrities like Abai Kunanbaev, Kasim, Kurmangazi and Dauletkerei;

• By depicting Kozha's mischievous days, B.Sokpakbaev gives us a pure portrayal of the cultural mode of life of Kazakh people. "Shildehana" ,"Zhailau" , "Cattle-breeders' day","Kazakhsha kures" in which Kozha
takes a part, "Kamazhai","kuy","seri"and"saigolek",Xhese terms are closely
connected with the tradition, culture that gives a pure portrayal of the
national mode of life of the Kazakh people;

• The novel is rich in Kazakh quotations and sayings like "Erkanati-at"
[3,p.239], "Тек zhursen, tok zhuresin" [3,p.246], "Zhaksimen dos bolsan
,zhetersin muratka, zhamanmen dos bolsan , kalarsin uyatka" [3,p.265],
"Zhigilgan ustine zhudirik" [3,p.266], "Beynetsiz enbektez einet bola ma",
"arzannin zhiligi tati ma", "Koyindikka kulashsermek " [3,p.296],
"Misikka oyin, tishkanga olim" [3,p.310].By selecting a first-person
narration B.Sokpakbayev attempts to show how inquisitive and broadminded
Kozha is.

In conclusion we dare say that Mark Twain's "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" was originally intended for an adult audience whereas "Menin atym Kozha " a classic book that was originally intended for children.

References

1.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: Overview". SparkNotes. 2011-09-29.

2."The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,"Mark Twain. 1900's. Classic

3. Бердібек Сокпак;баев, "Балалық шаққа саяхат", Алматы,1999.

4. Mark Twain. The Adventure of Tom Sawyer with afterward by Keith