Pashkevich M., Tertychko
T.
State Higher Educational Institution «National Mining
University»
Post-mining.
Regional and company aspect.
Mineral deposits are undoubtedly a benefit to
the economy of any country. In the territories where the deposits are situated mining
enterprises are usually being built, thus generating the gross domestic
product. But time passes and each country with a developed mining industry inevitably
faces with the need to restructure the industry by closing economically unprofitable
mines. Closing of each mine is a kind of regional "stress" that
contributes to the formation and development of local social and economic
depression. The complex of economically incentive, socially alleviating and
ecologically regenerative measures in the regions with the broken balance of
sustainable development caused by the mining operations is called Post-mining. A characteristic feature of
post-mining according to the Western model is integrated solution of economic,
social and environmental problems of the depressed regions using the innovative
technologies and taking into account an optimal balance of the interests of
private investors, society and the state. [1-3]. At the same time not only current
local problems are being solved but also timely response to the global threats
of near future is provided. These threats, in particular, include lack of
energy, high-quality food, clean drinking water and mineral resources.
As of 2011 there are 113 public and 28 private
coal companies in the country [4, 5]. And each such enterprise, as a rule,
forms a company town. These are huge areas that require recovery of ecosystem,
employment and ensuring the appropriate standards of living by the creation of
enterprises of other economic orientation. Existing problems will only get
worse with any changes in the current economic and legal structure in the
industry.
Meanwhile the existing engineering technologies offer
opportunities for mine operation as a profitable autonomous power generation
system [4,7-10], based on the remaining reserves of coal, the use of
alternative sources of geothermal, solar and wind energy. This will allow
establishing a cost-effective enterprise of another economic orientation on the
basis of the old mine; the GIS-technologies and technologies in environmental
protection sphere will allow constant monitoring of technological and
biological condition of the territory thus ensuring a prompt response to any
deviation from the strategic direction of its rehabilitation. Thus the economic
and legal concepts of the coal industry restructuring and stimulation the
development of depressed regions might be changed. Technology that allows
bringing the mine at the level of profitability involves underground, ground
and air space area around the mining enterprise. The implementation of each
technology is a separate business plan with a certain amount of necessary
investments, payback period and the level of profitability
As it follows from the above post-mining is an integrated technological
system of usage of the additional features of a mine and the territory as a
whole. For the effective
management of all physical and biological processes in such geotechnical system
and maintenance of its stability the GIS technology of space monitoring should
be used. The complex of received data
"surface-to-air" will allow to prevent negative effects and to obtain
information about the possibilities of usage the resources of the territory.
Special place in the solution of post-mining problems is taken by the
technologies of human health and environment protection. Together with the
above mentioned engineering technologies and with the necessary economic and
legal mechanisms they will bring into the development of depressed areas the
important element of stability that is usually mentioned when referring to
sustainable development, namely, the system's ability to consume the
biological, physical and human resources at a slower pace than the rate their
recovery.
Pollution of air, water and soil by the harmful chemicals happens mostly
due to the constant burning of waste dumps, disposal of wastes with the
technologically-enhanced radioactivity. Hectares of territories being under the
mining operations require revegetation and landscaping.
The sanitary and epidemiological situation is
complicated by the problems of impoundment of towns by the mine water,
destroyed pipelines, engineer networks and other communications; thus there are
threats of industrial accidents. Experts
estimate that the in the Donetsk region water of closed mines can increase the
effect of seismic vibrations in the two-fold [16]. Methane that penetrates to
the surface accumulates in the basements of houses thus threatening to the
lives of local people. [15].
A range of methods for monitoring the level of health that allow
tracking the processes in the human body at the cellular level will help to
solve the described problems. These are the technologies of air purification
from dust, water – from heavy materials, soil – from salinity. This technology of the separation of
household waste and extraction of useful metal components to produce secondary
raw material, which is a project related to the chemical complex.
The most threatening consequence of accumulated unresolved social
problems of the depressed coal-mining regions is the actual destruction of
valuable human capital: the loss of workers and specialists of mining
professions, appearance of the atmosphere of moral concern of miners and their
families. Due to the mass
closure of mines in 1996 Ukrainian labor market has been filled up by 35
thousands of the unemployed miners, each of whom having the family left without
means of means for living [4]. There is a
resonant question of employment of redundant workers and specialists that
entails the problem of mass migration of people and retraining. Solution of these problems is a consequence of
economic growth of the area. Industrial
complexes on the basis of closed mines will allow saving jobs and giving a spur
to the development of entrepreneurship, increasing the interest of young people
to stay in their native city, establishing a social infrastructure.
Complex of post-mining technologies, aimed at solving of technical
problems, inseparably linked with a number of organizational, legal, social and
environmental problems. However, as previously noted, the existing
programs of restructuring the coal industry, such integration is not
considered. Legal mechanisms of
privatization of mines require improvements. In our opinion, together with the need to attract private
investment into the sector, the privatization of Ukrainian mines only partially
relieve the financial burden on the budget supporting the depressed coal-mining
regions and will not resolve the question of their further development [5, 6].
The problem of the further operation of the depressed areas with a finished
development of mineral recourses could be resolved most effectively by rational
combination of state interests, investors, developers of innovative
technologies and the institutions of regional authorities. The set of
innovative technologies brought to the level of business plans must be
integrated into a comprehensive investment and innovation projects of an
open-end type - Post-mining.
Literature
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Гуменик И.Л., К. Дребенштедт, Панасенко А.И. Научные основы рационального
природопользования при открытой разработке месторождений. – Д.: НГУ, 2011. –
568 с.
2. Комащенко
В.И., Голик В.И., Дребенштедт К. Влияние деятельности геологоразведочной и
горнодобывающей промышленности на окружающую среду: монография. – М.: КДУ,
2010. – 356 с.
3. Моисеенков
В.А. Оценка и характер работы по реализации программы закрытия особо убыточных
шахт и разрезов// Уголь.- 2009.-№3.-
с.7-11.
4.
Пояснительная записка к Закону Украины «О внесение изменений в Закон Украины «О
стимулировании развития регионов» по поводу расширения групп территорий,
которые признаються депрессивными, и придания им такого статуса» от 21.04.2011
№ 3275-VI // [Электронный
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5. Украина
готовит приватизацию угольных шахт // [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа : http://ura-inform.com/uk/economics/2011/07/01 /shahty_priv
6. Шахтерские
города получат фиансовую поддержку // [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа : http://www.viche.info/news/1265/