History/ 2. General History

Nurusheva Gulmira Keldybaevna

Kazakhstan, Kostanay State University named after A. Baitursynov

Dissemination of usury in Turgay region in the late XIX - early XX centuries

Usury is widespread among the local administration. [1] means of profit for the buyers and the distribution of goods was in debt, often on onerous terms . Kazakhs were paid in cattle, wool, skins, and banknotes in most cases served only measure of the value of goods and in many transactions did not participate. Nomadic population could not determine with certainty the cost of their products, and the manufacturer's products (textiles and haberdashery) often estimated incorrectly and unreasonably high compared with cattle. [2] Under pressure from tax tsarist policy, in particular, the replacement of natural duties them money, with the spread of fair trade and the displacement of stationary natural, kind of barter trade money. In the case involving livestock farming in market relations, establishing, strengthening its ties with the resettlement villages and towns most convenient form of trade is fair trade. In accordance with the Ministry of the Interior approved the "Rules " from November 12, 1870 in the Turgay region initially held two fairs , one in the county , while strengthening Iletsk Aktobe, from 15 July to 15 August , and the other - at Irgiz strengthening , from September 10 to 10 October each year . The main purpose of fairs considered "delivered Kyrgyz Turgay region convenience for marketing their cattle and supply himself very fit, as well as to facilitate the purchase of cattle from the Kyrgyz Russian traders." [3]

Supervision of public order at fairs was entrusted trade fair committee composed of representatives of the city administration, the two local Kazakhs and two visiting Russian traders veterinarian. Provided for each trade fair place exacts a fee depending on the volume of goods sold for the benefit of the city treasury.

Dates fairs changed in the future, depending on the natural and economic disasters, especially with the state animal husbandry Kazakh villages, with the harvest of the resettlement of the peasantry. The main buyer of bread were Kazakhs, so they took little interest in the fair. But taxation tilt cart Kazakhs and other taxes in the form of money forced them to sell in the markets of cattle and cattle products. In February 1871 the government adopted a new decree on money collection from cattle sold at fairs. [4] However, despite these facts , trade fairs took in the economic life of the region an important place .

Since the mid- 90s in the structure of livestock farming Kazakh population has changed, favoring fair trade revival . With the transition to agriculture and settled life more Kazakhs began breeding cattle and sheep in great demand on the Russian market . Accordingly, reduction in the number of horses and camels. Subsequently, trade began to take the form of money. In monetary trade strongly drawn Bahia economy. Increased demand for grain in the domestic market; Kazakhs began to consume more and buy bread flour, grain, as the peasants - settlers and agriculturists - Kazakhs. In the region of the grain market has been accessed more than half of the Kazakh economy. [5] The close relationship of the Kazakh population with bread market stemmed from specialization on millet farming. Producing for the market millet, Kazakhs - farmers in exchange for it bought wheat. Crossed to settled agriculture and Kazakhs became engaged in mowing, which caused the need for special agricultural inventory. They used his farm plow, harrow, scythe, and more prosperous Kazakhs and mowing. [6] In the second half of XIX - early XX centuries fair trade has become an integral component of the economic life of the region.

Analysis of the structure, geography and scope of fair trade leads to several conclusions about the relationship between Kazakh village and resettlement village. Relatively unchanged the main articles of trade indicates the conservative nature of the nomadic Kazakh society, the transformation region in livestock feed source for the central areas of the industrial areas of the country. At the same time, the rise of fair trade clearly testified about the development of the productive forces in the region. Fairs facilitated the development of commodity-money relations, creating an incentive to increase the marketability of livestock farming , accelerated expansion of subsistence farming and breaking the patriarchal-feudal relations . Expanding trade led to closer economic relations with area counties, draws them into the national market , broke the patriarchal isolation contributed to the development of the productive forces of the resettlement villages and Kazakh village .

Literature:

1. The memorial book of Turgay region. Orenburg, 1899. S.472

2. For details, see: Sundetov SA On the genesis of capitalism in agriculture

3. CSA of the Republic of Kazakhstan. F.25.O.1.D.1529.L.296

4. Dobrosmyslov A.I. The trade in Turgay region. P.17

5. The history of Kazakh SSR. E.3.P.294

6. Russian thought. 1902. E.XXIII. P.53-55