History/ 2. General History

S. A. Turezhanova, candidate of historical sciences ,associate professor history of Kazakhstan

Kostanay State University named after A.Baitursynov

FEATURES OF METHODOLOGY OF HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE

Reconsideration of history of our Fatherland, especially stories of the XX century, begun in the 50th and in the 60th years, developed at full capacity in the late sixties and proceeding and until now, in further degree influenced change public, including political climate in the country. Situation is aggravated with that in recent years public interest to historical knowledge very quickly falls. It is possible to tell that now the historical science is in deep and protracted crisis which is caused by the end of the Soviet era and the historiography created by it.

The matter is that as soon as search of ways to scientific understanding and a history explanation begins, there is a complication, "weighting" as the science uses special terms, methods, receptions. Supporters of descriptive history, history which simply strings the facts, laying aside their judgment, often appeal to a public role of historical knowledge. In this sense its function is reduced to education of the citizen and the patriot of the fatherland. And time so, - the history has to be simple, intelligible, available, has to use various methods of impact on wide audience, not excepting purely literary, art. Anyway, today in the world scientific and historical schools have the greatest authority.

Need of the scientific history based on all achievements of humanitarian knowledge, for us, people of the end of the XX century and entering a new century, is dictated also to that as showed previous experiment, it can be the extremely dangerous weapon. It is worth to remember about it. Just as occupations by physics and mathematics brought the opening not only the benefit to mankind, and occupation by history can be, for example, a shelter of nationalists of all colors and shades, to form a basis for extremism, promotion of crazy ideas and theories.

Exists, certain procedures and rules of scientific illumination of the past, stories called by methodology. It is desirable that they led to a certain result – creation of the scientific theory explaining why so left, instead of differently. But owing to the specifics history as the science most often does not apply for too sweeping generalization, narrating that took place actually. The story about the past, about "past" prevails in historical works. As experts in the field of history methodology consider, from various types of generalizations of historic facts the most empirical levels are peculiar to thinking of the professional historian, the rest remains on a share of philosophers or the sociologists which task consists in creating the general theory of historical knowledge and historical process. But it not to mean that the historian is free from theoretical generalizations. Its elements are conclusions and the conclusions about essence and character of the historical phenomena peculiar to this time and a place. If today to ask the historian-researcher, by what methodology of research he is guided in the researches, most often we will hear the answer: the actual. Here rather traditional installation going still from the Soviet researches affects. But not only. The valid power is shown by the Marxist of methodology who, despite numerous modern attacks to it, at the heart of the was not shaken in similar cases.

The fundamentals of Marxist methodology of research of society are made by materialistic understanding of research. And though the term "social being" owing to not K. Marx's fashions is not mentioned, nevertheless, historical researches at the heart of the, at least, domestic and Russian historians, continue, proceeds their defining role of economy in an explanation, both recent, and far historical an event. Recently sometimes speak about new methodology of research – synergetrics which proclaim as the instrument of research of history of society. However statements of this sort actually in research act as verbal declarations. And considerably it is explained by insufficient development of research of the tools – synergetrics.Thus, the unity of methodology is one more major condition of unbiased interpretation of the past. In turn, the methodology is rather difficult complex of receptions and means of scientific and historical knowledge.

LITERATURE

1. Diltya V. creation of the historical world in sciences about spirit. - M.: 1921 . – 92 pages.

2. Diltya V. descriptive psychology. M.: 1924 . - 74 pages.

3. Rickert G. of science about the nature and sciences and culture. M.: 1992 . - 48 pages.