Zhaparova A.

Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan

Concepts about lexical synonyms

Words diverse in sound-form but more or less the same in meaning are traditionally termed synonyms. They can be very useful helpers, when you do not want to repeat the same word again and again or when you forget one word necessary for exact situation, next synonymic word may appear in your mind on the spot or momentarily. Owing to the fact that English language has a great deal of synonyms, your speech can always sound beautiful and effective. Modern English is exceptionally rich in synonym words and word-forms. The state of being a synonym is called synonymy. Synonyms might be any part of speech, like nouns or adjectives, adverbs or verbs, whilst the both alike, kin words correlate to the same part of speech. A synonym (derived from Greek language) is a word that has the same meaning as another word. To bring and to fetch, to stand for and to imply, to get and to obtain, to understand and to comprehend, to own and to possess, to wish and to desire, to want and to be eager to, to like and to be fond of, comfortable and cozy, brave and courageous, stunning and gorgeous, hardworking and industrious, lazy and indolent, a fireman and a firefighter, an accountant and a bookkeeper, introverted and withdrawn, funny and hilarious, dirty and filthy, tired and exhausted, mean and greedy, lucky and fortunate, rich and wealthy, bossy and controlling, fast and quick, rush and rapid, affable and amiable, positive and starry-eyed are synonyms. There are plenty of definitions, interpretations, explanations of synonyms. Look at them in turn.

A synonym is a word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another word or other words in a language {1}

«It is considered that synonyms are the words, which possess one and the same lexical meaning, distinguishing only by implication color, expressive marking and belonging to either this or that stylistic language layer, and those, which have as if partly congruous conjunction, because only in this case they are able to substitute each other in real contexts» {2}. «Analysis of certain material permits taking as a basis of synonymy meaning kindred, which expresses one notion in an integral totality of its features» {3}. «Synonyms are close in meaning, but variously sounded words, which explicit savors of one conception.. » {4}. «Synonyms are words, identical or cognate in significance, fit to retrieve each other in one or another context» {5}. «So-called synonymousness of language means, if not to deal with linguistic abstraction, but with alive and real language, with the language, which in fact exists in history, is just fiction. Synonym will remain as a synonym, while it is in a dictionary. But in the context of alive speech there is no such situation, where everything is equal, how to tell warhorse or horse, child or baby, way or road and etc» {6}. « Synonyms are words of the same part of speech, which have totally or partly coincided lexical meanings» {7}

«From our point of view, only meaning identity (not a meaning closeness, as some can presume) lets examine words as synonyms. Diverse emotional colorfulness identical words in meanings (sharpness, loftiness or reduce, «poetry» or «prosaic nature» and etc ), different functional- stylistic characteristics (communicability, book-learning, vernacular speech and so forth ), specifics of their context use (...) special for each of the formal-grammatical peculiarities - do not interfere to accept synonymic phenomenon with the availability of identity» {8}

«It is necessary to consider synonym in its full meaning a word, which determined towards its equivalent (to the other word with identical or marginally close in the meaning) and can be contradistinguished it in any kind line: in delicate shade in the meaning, in expressed expression, in emotional coloring, in stylistic belongings, in compatibility, therefore, can have its own place in lexical-semantic system of literary multinational language » {9}

«Equivalent and correlative speech measures can be comprehended as synonymic devices. There are consistent and compatible words, but not identical in meaning, represented choice ability to a speaker or a writer. Commonality of speech measures is on the base of synonymy. There is something common in each synonym, which allows being in the parallel line with the other words and there is something private, original and specific, which differs it from others. There are no identical words in the language. The existence of synonyms is proved by its meaningful specification and stylistic singularity» {10}

Synonyms are different words with close meanings. They as if amplify and fill up each other. It is true that the same subject direction is on the basis of synonymy, when we call one thing with various words.

. List

1. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.

2. (Z.Е. Аlexandrova. A synonym dictionary of Russian Language. 11th edition, revised and added. - М.: Russian language, 2001. - 568 p.)

3. (А. А. Bragina. Synonyms in literary language // Science. - 1986. - 1. - 124 p.)

4. (R. А. Budagov. Introduction in the science about language, Moscow. Dobrosvet - 2000 )

5. (L. А. Bulahovskiy. Introduction into Linguistis // State educational-pedagogical publishing house, Russia - 1952. - 177 p.)

6. (G.О. Vinokur. Speech Culture Problems // 1929)

7. (Т.G. Vinokur. Synonymy // Russian language: Encyclopedia. М.: Big Russian Encyclopedia: Drofa, 1997- 465 p)

8. (А.D. Grogor'eva. Notes about lexical synonymy. M. High school. 1950)

9. (А.P. Еvgen'eva. A synonym dictionary of Russian Language, M. : Russian language, 1981-1984).

10. А.I. Еfimov. Stylistics of Russian Language, M. 1969).