Экономические науки/Макроэкономика

the candidate of the economic sciences– Gabdulina A.S.

the Kostanayskiy engineering-pedagogical university

WORLD TRENDS OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

The substantiated estimation of the prospects for the scientifically- technological development of Kazakhstan is impossible without taking into account the world tendencies, connected with the constantly collecting rates processes of globalization. Scientific achievements and advanced technologies form base for the international integration in the economic, the political, the sociocultural, ecological and other regions. At the same time to formation and in the formation of world scientifically- innovation complex are inherent their own regularities, which will be unavoidably manifested in the Kazakhstan practice.

Characterizing the contemporary processes of globalization in the scientific and technical sphere, should be isolated a number of aspects. First of all, these tendencies find direct reflection in the content of the directivity of research and developments. The fundamental science, which was being originally been international in its essence, finally barriers and it becomes the general human means of knowledge, prognostication of world development. Studies on the global issues, which require international and interdisciplinary approach, world ocean, world air pond, forest and soil resources of planet and occupy increasing place. In the field of applied research and developments the orientation for the creation of the technologies of world-wide application (with the subsequent adaptation to the national special features) increasingly more distinctly is visible; the technologies, which have the promising markets for the sale of international scale; the technologies, which integrate different production and social systems of countries and regions of peace. As an example it is possible to give information and telecommunication technologies, in particular the global network the Internet, which is used in the economy, the science, the formation, the culture, the organization of leisure and covers practically all countries of peace.

Gradually is formed the spectrum of the critical technologies of world level, considered by the leading countries as priority. The same first of all include information- communication line technologies, obtaining of new materials with the predetermined properties, biotechnology. Fundamental importance in the entire world acquire the studies, connected with the passage to the steady development, by the harmonization of the relations of man, society and nature. The isolation of highly technological production into the independent group of goods and services, which occupies noticeable place in the revolution of world trade, is completely essential. The world market for science-intensive production is developed at completely high tempo: the volume of sales on it during the period of 1995-2009 yr. it grew five times, after exceeding 1,5 trln. Euro. The greatest specific weight in the commercial revolution (both in the export and in the import) belongs to electronics industry and production of computer and office technology (on 30-35%), the latter increasing its portion on the world market approximately doubly. The overwhelming majority of transactions on the market in question is fallen to the countries “of Big Seven”, which are controlled 60% of production and trade in science-intensive production, of them the USA - 20%, Japan - 11%, Germany - 8.5%.

Within the framework the universal market for the science-intensive production of the country they have different technological specialization. Was formed the international division of labor, which makes possible for the countries to concentrate resources in those directions of science and technologies, in which they possess the most developed potential. Technological interdependence of states as a result is strengthened. Thus, by the volume of the production of computer and office technology leads the USA, Japan occupies dominant position in the electronics industry, Switzerland - absolute leader in the pharmaceutical industry. By the most important exporters of aerospace technology are the USA, Great Britain and France. Effective formal and nonformal coordination mechanisms in the region of scientifically- innovation activity in the world were formed. International- technical programs and projects are developed and realize within the framework intergovermental and interfirm agreements, regional integrated institutes (European Union, ATE, etc), under the aegis of authoritative international organizations - United Nations, OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), YUNIDO, UNESCO and others Are conducted the regular unofficial encounters of the leaders of the state structures of those treating the development of science in the countries “of Big Seven”, that has twenty-year history.

The association of the resources of different countries makes it possible to perform work difficult for the separate, even rich, the states. The formation of world scientifically- technological space is the important element of globalization. Contemporary communication line technologies ensure complete and operational access to the world flows of scientific and technical information, creation of the international distributed bases and banks of scientific and technical data, effective global monitoring research purposes, remote use of intellectual foreign resources. Major steps in the direction of the unification of such components of international scientifically- innovation infrastructure as standards, systems of certification, mechanisms of the protection of the rights of intellectual property and T. are made. p. Significant role in the maintenance and further consolidation of world scientifically- technological space belongs to international organizations, in particular ISO, MEK and other

At rapid tempo is developed the international financial infrastructure of scientifically- technological complex - network of banks, funds, venture and insurance companies, associations and T. p., which are specialized in the investments into the scientifically- technological and innovation projects. The activity of scientific and scientific organizations into to increasing measure is based on world-wide practice, is evaluated according to united international criteria. The globalization of scientifically- technological sphere takes different organizational-economic forms. Continues the qualitative development of the primary forms of international scientific and technical cooperation - the world market for the oveshchestvlennykh and neoveshchestvlennykh technologies, development and realization of international programs and projects, international exchange of scientists and of specialists. At the same time collect force and deeper forms of integration - international scientific research associations, unique units of the material and technical base of science, which are been international property, joint enterprises for development and carrying out of science-intensive production. Powerful transnational corporations play the leading part in the global technological development. Their strategy is developed from the creation of the foreign scientific and technical subdivisions, which make it possible to accumulate scientific and technical resources and to ensure the sale of science-intensive production, to shaping of the net structures, which give the possibility to rationally combine the resources of the different countries, to regulate the development of national scientifically- innovation complexes, the reproduction of the scientific and technical potentials of different states in the desired direction. The technological alliances of transnational corporations became the most moved form of globalization.

In the forecasted period the following are the basic directions of further scientifically- technological globalization: the priority development of the technologies, which ensure mezhstranovoe information interaction and passage to the information society; the development of global metatekhnologiy, which integrate technological and social innovations; the radical intensification of the international mobility of intellectual resources; the formation of the mechanisms of the partial international regulation of world scientifically- technological development, first of all for purposes of the solution of ecological problems, and also of abridging the technological delay of the countries “third peace”; the organic start of small and average science-intensive business in international scientifically- technological infrastructure; the development of Internet- technologies and companies, which accumulate the intellectual resources of the different countries at different stages of scientifically- innovation cycle; the combination of interaction and opposition of transnational corporations and state structures in the control of the development of world scientifically- technological complex.

On the basis of the positions indicated, it is possible to give the general estimation of the prospects for the place of Kazakhstan in the world scientifically- technological arena. With any version of the course of events Kazakhstan science will experience the influence of global tendencies, interacting with the foreign scientifically- innovation systems. However, scales and the depth of international integration, and the main thing, its economic and social consequences will depend on many objective and subjective factors. In particular, the nature of the projection in Kazakhstan of the tendencies of internationalization and globalization of scientifically- technological region will be determined in many respects by the social and economic model formed in the country. Favorable conditions for the effective connection to the global mechanisms will arise not in the case of the extreme versions of development - excessive liberalization or hypertrophied statization of the economy, but with the organic incorporation of government control in the market relations, which makes it possible to step by step create in the country innovation system taking into account of world tendencies and national scientific, engineering and educational traditions. The degree of the integration of Kazakhstan in the global scientifically- technological processes will be also tightly connected, with the development of international situation, with the selection of defense doctrine, geopolitical and geo-economic strategy. The probable aggravation of the ecological problems in our country, in particular, connected with the environmental pollution and the climatic changes, can become the catalyst of expansion and deepening of participation in the international scientifically- technological integration. Suppositional scale an increase in the fuel- raw base is capable of, on the contrary, somewhat weakening integrated motivations by the resuscitation of hopes for satisfactory existence due to the enterings from the export of natural resources. The compensating action in this case they can show the expansion of the financial possibilities of participation in the international cooperation, the need for observance in the fuel- raw complex of international ecological standards, and also possibility of increasing the effectiveness of export as a result of the deeper processing of raw material on the base of advanced technologies.

Gradual and tedious advance from the simple to the more complex organizational forms of international cooperation is in prospect for Kazakhstan. The first steps of entry into the world scientifically- technological space can become creation on the base of the leading Kazakhstan international centers of fundamental science, propagation in Kazakhstan of the activity of global scientific programs and systems.

However, in earnest to speak about the integration into the world scientifically- technological sphere it will be only after the formation of the large corporations, capable to develop, to produce and to realize the production of high technologies. The participation of Kazakhstan structures in the international technological alliances is in the forseeable future most probable in the aerospace complex, power engineering, some other regions. As a whole the finding of worthy place in the world scientifically- technological complex requires the production of goal-directed and selective strategy, on base of which is possible molding of effective state scientific and technical and innovation policy.