Ôèëîëîãè÷åñêèå íàóêè/3.Òåîðåòè÷åñêèå è ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêèå ïðîáëåìû èññëåäîâàíèÿ ÿçûêà
Master in Pedagogy K.
Ibragimova, Master in
Foreign Philology Y. Bulatkulova
Eurasian national university after L. N. Gumilev, Kazakhstan
Borrowings in Kazakh and English
Vocabulary
of any language is enriched with the borrowings from other languages due to
historical, economical and cultural interchanges among different nations. Different types of cooperation result in new
words and new notions. There is enormous amount of words in the Kazakh language
borrowed from other languages. There are some examples taken from the ancient Greek: republic, grammar, bulletin, symphony, balcony, opera, cash-desk, and
cashier.
From Latin: Geometry, physics, economics, thermometer, telegraph, telephone,
television. Some words consist of two parts: one from Greek, another from
Latin e.g. television – “tele” (Greek)
vision – visualis – (Latin), from the
English language: cowboy, club,
station, rail, railway, wheel rail.
From French: bureau, depot, partisan, vanguard and meter. From German: uniform, officer, staff, mattress and others. It should be
mentioned that at first all these words appeared in Russian and then via
Russian were adopted in the Kazakh language. [1; 63]
There are many loan words in the Kazakh
language which came from different languages and it happens not only with
Kazakh, it is a result of long lasted communication of many people from
different countries. [2; 8]
The new
words in the Kazakh language called borrowings have joined the word – stock of
Kazakh in different centuries. Russian, Arabian, Iranian, Mongolian and some
Turkic languages were sources of lexical borrowings for the Kazakh
language. Kazakh refers to the Turkic
branch of Altaic language family.
The words including in the Kazakh language from other languages called
borrowing words. The plenty of words
from other languages has joined lexicon of the Kazakh language in different
time.
Sources of lexical borrowings for the Kazakh language were Russian,
Arabian, Iranian, Mongolian, Turkic languages and some others.
Kazakh is a member of the Turkic branch of the Altaic language
family. It is closely related to Kyrgyz. Like all Turkic languages, it is believed to
have descended from Chagatai Turkic, an extinct Turkic language which once
served as a lingua franca in Central Asia. The word Chagatai relates
to the Chagatai Khanate, the western part
of the Mongol empire, left to Genghis Khan's second son
Chagatai Khan. Chagatai Turkic was written with the Arabic alphabet and was
influenced by Arabic and Persian. In the 14th century, the Chagatai Khanate was
conquered by Timur, a native of Samarkand. Timur's successors were
later ousted from the Chagatai Khanate by the Uzbeks. The Kazakhs originated as
dissident Uzbeks during the same period. Both groups became part of the Soviet
Union in 1917. After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989, Uzbekistan and
Kazakhstan became independent countries.
Kazakh (along with Russian) has been the official language of the
Republic of Kazakhstan since 1989. It is spoken by
some 6.5 million people; most of them are ethnic Kazakhs. It is also spoken in
Afghanistan, China, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkey,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. The total number of speakers of Kazakh is
estimated at 8 million (Ethnologic). Interestingly, Germany has a
number of Kazakh-speaking Volga Germans who were deported by I.
Stalin to Kazakhstan in 1941, and who subsequently returned to Germany after
the Soviet Union collapse.
Modern Kazakh literary language is rather rich and original; it has well
– developed lexical synonymy system. There are many words with similar meaning;
for example: әäåì³, әñåì,
ñұëó, æûëäàì, òåç, øàïøàң, ëåçäå; beautiful-
handsome- fine; rapid- fast- quick.
The study of the Kazakh language
stated more than hundred years ago, the first who dealt with the Kazakh
language linguistics were Russian scientists. We may state that since that time
Kazakh literary language has formed finally stylistically it has become
flexible, grammatically more perfect and lexis richer and more interesting. [2;
9]
The words from other languages have penetrated into the different
historical periods in the Old Kazakh language. It was caused by that the Kazakh
people entered economic, cultural, political cooperation with other peoples,
including wars, concluded military unions. In the Kazakh language 4 types
borrowings can be allocated: from the Arabian, Persian, Mongolian and Russian
languages.
The borrowings from the Arabian and Persian languages refer to the first
type.
Not all words which
were borrowed from the Arabian and Persian language have come in the Kazakh
language, but there are such words which have become radical and have given a
basis for formation of new words such as: authority,
economy, post, mind (wit), god, force, power, news, animal an animal, and
dispute. On the whole, borrowing in the Kazakh language includes several
groups:
From the Arabian
and Persian languages
à) Were connected
to the public relation, way of life, household articles: mirror, a towel, a
curtain
b) Were connected
with a science, culture: the handle,
paper, school, holiday, examination, book, history, and mosque.
c) Connected with religious faith: the God, sin, edification, profit, woman,
eyebrow, oraza (fasting), edification.
d) The words with
expressive, emotional meaning, and these words give the special stylistic
colour/ For example: love, ray,
bismillah, life, advantage, status, edification, noble, quality, amazing,
astaphyralla (means fright, astonishment) inshalla ( thank God) generous, God,
appearance, the Sahara( desert) passion, dawn, good deed, sweep, strength,
natural, calamity, teacher, fate, scientist, wonderful, destiny , yatagala ( O,
my God).
e) Literary words
which from the use or less common. For example: shahar (city), shyragdan (candle), vizier, millat, gazal, sabat, darcer.
f) Some words from
local dialects; manpagat (household
articles), sada (will-bread), kaibart (gossip), kodek (a baby) mysh (fist)
badiren (cucumber) danden (tooth pick) zhualdyz (needle0 name) bipaya
(shameless);
The Arabian word “shiny” “glass” has many different meanings in the
Kazakh language. For example the word such as a window, a bottle, a cup the
Kazakh people can say only with one word “glass”.
And the Persian word “bazaar” (market) also has different meanings. In
the following expressions the word “bazaar” (not as market) has another meaning
as “feast”; “holiday” “The house where many children looks like a feast”.
During the use the most part of the words which have come from the Arabian,
Persian language assimilated to structure of the Kazakh language. As you see
from these examples many words gradually
assimilated in and language to enter into structure in general use of
lexicon and they actually stopped to perceive as foreign ones.
They are actually perceived as Kazakh words, though they were borrowed
from other languages. “Any people, carrier and creator of this or that language
do not live by the perfectly isolated separate life.” (2;9)
The words from the Arabian and Persian languages were borrowed from the
old time. In Central and East Asia Arabian was international language. (3;19)
From Mongolian language
The borrowings from the Mongolian language also have played a
significant role in enrichment of the Kazakh language especially in sphere of
war terminology.
At the same time
with words of the Arabian and Persian languages Kazakh lexicon, at different
stages of its development, includes also borrowings from Mongolian
language. To early borrowings
historical Lexicology concerns household words, when two states were the
neighbors. The second stage penetration of the Mongolian words into the Kazakh
language has taken place in XII century. When Mongolian khanate has won the
territory of Kazakhstan and Central Asia.
The words from the Mongolian language have penetrated into the Kazakh
language from the old time as Kazakh khanate was the neighbors with Mongolian
tribes. [4;7]
As the result of it was early trade and cultural communications,
military unions and armed conflict. The following Kazakh borrowings from the
Mongolian languages appeared in XII- XV centuries.
Ulus (people, social), noker (warrior of private security), zhasak
(troops, detachment), noyan (legendary hero), kuryltai (constituent assembly),
kray (administrative division) and others.
Geographical names: Tarbagatai, Tolagai, Katongarai, Bayan aul,
Dolankara, Zaissan, Nura, Karagazhyn, Altai and Narynkol.
There are words in the Kazakh vocabulary which have the same meanings in
Mongolian language. For example: catch (aulau) [avlah], animal (an) [aŋ],
needle (teben) [teben], you can see the common words at the same time in
Mongolian and Turkic languages. About these kinds of words Ch. Ualihanov told
in his works.
In conclusion, the tendency of the English language to borrow extensively
can be traced during the centuries. Thus, one can confidently claim that
borrowing is one of the most productive sources of enrichment of the English
vocabulary. The same phenomena happen in the Kazakh language as we have shown.
Bibliography
1. Shainski N.M. Lexicology of
modern Russian language. Ì., 1992.
2.
Rustemov L.Z. Arabian and Persian borrowings in modern Kazakh language. 1982
3. Êåңåñáàåâ ².,
Ìұñàáàåâ Ғ. Қàç³ðã³ қàçàқ ò³ë³. Ëåêñèêà,
ôîíåòèêà, 1975.
4.
Әáäðàõìàíîâ À. Òîïîíèìèêà æәíå ýòèìîëîãèÿ, Àëìàòû, 1975