Экономические
науки, Наука и технологии: шаг в будущее. Чехия
Doctor of Economic Sciences, professor Sansyzbayeva G. N.,
master student Amirova A.
Al-Farabi Kazakh national university,
Kazakhstan
Foreign experience of management of environmental
protection
Abstract
In article positive experience of use of economic
methods of management of rational environmental management in foreign countries
in which appreciable success in this area is achieved is surveyed. Payments,
taxes, subsidies, preferences, economy of natural resources and many other
things belong to these methods of management.
Keywords: environmental management, environmental
protection, payments, reduced rates, taxes.
The Republic of Kazakhstan – the country having unique
natural potential. The main purpose of economy of our country is rising of
efficiency of use of natural resources and reduction of negative impact on
environment. However the state policy of Kazakhstan concerning natural
resources and environmental protection undergoes essential changes in structure
of governing bodies of natural resources today. For creation of an optimum
control system and administrative and legal adjustment of environmental
management and environmental protection it is necessary to analyse the modern
Kazakhstan and foreign theory and practice for studying of all of the best that
is saved up in the world.
Payments
for pollution, penalties for disturbance of nature protection laws, norms and
rules, straight lines and indirect subsidies belong to the economic methods
referred on environment protection to the private companies, a subvention to
regional and local authorities, the credits under low interest, reduced rates
to the companies on cleaning of drains on local treatment facilities, etc. [1].
The
most widespread and significant type of economic incentives – payments for
pollution. The system of these payments gained distribution in France, Japan,
the Netherlands, Great Britain of Germany, etc.
In
our country the order of definition of a payment and its limit sizes for
pollution of surrounding environment, placement of a wastage, other types of
harmful effects works. This order extends on the enterprises, institutions, the
organizations, the foreign legal entities and individuals who are carrying out
the any kinds of activity in the territory of RK bound to environmental
management and provides collection of a payment for the following types of
harmful effects on surrounding environment: emission in the atmosphere of
contaminants from stationary and mobile sources; dumping of contaminants in
superficial and underground water objects; placement of a wastage; other types
of harmful effects (hum, vibration, electromagnetic and radiative effects,
etc.).
Two
types of basic standards of a payment are provided:
a)
for emissions, dumpings of contaminants, placement of a wastage, other types of
harmful effects within admissible standards;
b)
for emissions, dumpings of contaminants, placement of a wastage, other types of
harmful effects within the set limits [2].
In
a number of the countries the special tax on fee according to the collecting of
a household wastage is imposed, practice of mortgage payments extends (on
glassware, autooils, batteries, etc.). At a water intake from superficial water
objects the whole system of the approaches bound to regional use of these
sources of drinking, economic and household water supply works. In the
countries with limited water resources (it, first of all the countries of South
Africa, northern China, India, Mexico, North America, Canada) various systems
of collectings – or uniform system for all state, or the differentiated system
according to needs of regions and municipalities are entered.
In
some countries higher collecting at an intake of superfine water from
underground sources or municipal water supply systems is raised, for example,
in Israel where there are serious problems of shortage of drinking water. Very
widespread type of economic incentives are also penalties for disturbance of
the nature protection legislation. The size of penalties depends on extent of
pollution in comparison with the established standards. Tax measures are one of
the most effective and effective ways of depression of negative impact on
environment. The system of return of pledges on separate types of goods is also
the effective remedy providing their repeated use [1].
In
Austria the industrial enterprises on exercise of actions on sewage disposals
and to protection of water objects, air medium, processing and recycling of a
wastage are given help in a form of loans under rather small percent making 6%
for the period in 10-15 years. Such interest rate represents the highest level
of subsidizing of cost of the credit by the government. The financial discount
is provided to owners of the cars using the low-polluting gasoline or at their
transfer to such fuel. It promotes development of new environmentally friendly
technologies. The leader in this area is Japan.
In
Canada for the last 15-20 years there was a shift from use of tax system to
broader approach referred on change of perception of problems of environment at
establishment of responsibility of persons, whose actions can lead to adverse
effects for environment. Financial incentives include providing financial aid
and loans on construction and the maintenance of municipal sewer systems and
constructions.
In
Finland besides tax privileges, the economic measures which aren't bound to
financial assistance such as collectings for dumping of sewage in municipal
systems of water disposal, elimination of a wastage, carrying out actions for
protection of waters, on fight against oil spills, and also special taxes with
which drinks in container of one-time use are assessed are applied. Thus
authorities of various levels have larger rights on granting various privileges
and discounts in the taxation at acquisition of the nature protection
equipment. It is necessary to notice that Finland is the purest country of the
world, there you won't see garbage tanks of which the garbage falls out,
parents since the childhood teach the children to throw out garbage in
different containers. One of the moments of ecological education is thrift
education. The economy of the electric power, water, paper, clothes is present
everywhere at this country, and thrift – line of a way of life of Finns. And collectings for
utilization are included in thing cost.
In
Germany realization of nature protection policy is followed by acceptance of a
number of economic and financial measures of tax incentives, programs of
preferential crediting, subsidies for capital investments. In particular, the
law on collection of collectings for dumping of sewage provides use of the
economic tools supplementing measures of administrative character. It comprises
economic incentives for taking measures to reduction of volume of the dumped
sewage and rising of extent of their cleaning, and also for development and
deployment of progressive, small and waste-free technologies. In the framework
of the person established by this law, responsible for a sewage disposal, have
opportunity to choose the most effective economically options, beginning from
payment of penalties before acceptance of preventive measures. Regarding
protection of atmospheric air there is "a provision on compensation"
which covers all existing sources of emissions of contaminants, and provides to
the companies a larger freedom of choice concerning methods and agents of
keeping of the established standards of purity of air. The companies located in
one district are compelled to provide in total keeping of demands concerning
quality of air in this district. For this purpose they can combine the efforts
on depression of level of emissions to the established norms [3].
In
the Netherlands the uniform system of a tax on fuel, namely collectings for
"air pollutions" and "traffic hum" based on the analysis of
alternative options of realization of these actions is installed. Enterings
from taxes on fuel cover all expenses on sanitary and hygienic actions (except
neutralization of the soil), acceptance of preventive measures, compensation to
the companies, a subsidy for development of pure technologies and the
organization of grounds for burial of a chemical wastage. Due to these
enterings also management expenses of subordinated establishments are covered,
and expenses on neutralization of the soil are completely refunded by their
general fund, the system of collection of collectings for purification of city
sewage works. Local authorities bear responsibility for establishment of the
collectings differing from each other in the different cities. Total amount of
collectings shouldn't exceed expenses of the city authorities on cleaning
natural and sewage. Enterings are referred on repayment of expenses, on
construction and operation of systems of cleaning natural and sewage, and they
can't be used in other purposes. As a rule, these collectings are too
insignificant completely to cover investment expenses on construction of
treatment facilities therefore for rendering assistance to their construction
the system of immediate delivery of subsidies and loans under low interests was
framed.
In Sweden
the main attention is paid to administrative control though in recent years the
growing interest in economic methods becomes perceptible. The core of the
monitoring system includes the general statutes which make a basis of delivery
of permissions and control of different types of the polluting activity and
other types of interaction on environment [4].
It
is necessary to pay attention that, for example, deforestation in one country
leads to reduction of natural oofs of all planet, emissions of chemicals on one
continent can cause a carcinoma cutaneum in the people living in other parts of
the world, entering in the atmosphere of a carbon dioxide in one place accelerates
climate change of Earth in general. Oceanic and atmospheric transfer of
contaminants knows no limit. In Japan and Great Britain for narrowing of
environmental risks the tax method stimulating the enterprises to introduce
resource-saving technologies and to reduce technogenic loads on environment is
widely applied.
In
Kazakhstan a lot of work on environmental protection is carried out, the
relevant normative legal acts in the field of rational environmental management
are adopted, environmentally friendly technologies are used, the Concept of
development of "green" economy is developed, in the cities
environmentally friendly vehicles are used. Positive experience of the
developed countries in the field of rational environmental management which
will allow to control more effectively an ecological situation in any country
deserves attention.
Literature
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Д. А. Развитие экономического инструментария природопользования в регионе:
Монография / Д. А. Джангиров, 2010. – 350 с.
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окружающей среды // Зангер. – 2006. - №9. – С. 15-17.
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Волков
А. М. Правовые основы природопользования и охраны окружающей среды: Учебник /
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2010. – 362с.
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Учебник/Отв. ред. О.Л.Дубовик. – М.: Изд-во Эксмо, 2005. - с. 638.