Васильев А.Н.
курсант 104вз
Уфимского ЮИ МВД РФ
The
Republic of Bashkortostan
Republic
of Bashkortostan is one of the largest subjects of the Russian Federation
located on the territory of the southern Urals and Ural regions, historically
called by the name of the indigenous people, the Bashkirs (bashqort).
The history of Bashkortostan is the history of the indigenous inhabitants of
the territory of the Bashkirs, and migrated to this region during XVII—XX
centuries, Russians, Tatars, Mari, Chuvash, Udmurt, Mordovians, Ukrainians and
other peoples of Russia. Bashkortostan has a long and difficult path of
historical development. The Bashkirs are one of the ancient peoples of Eurasia,
formed in the southern Ural mountains as independent ethnos in the first half
of the 1st Millennium BC the First written mention of separate tribes, which became
part of the Bashkir people are found in the writings of Herodotus (5th century
BC). Ptolemy's map (2nd century ad) shows Daiks R. (now the Ural river).
An
important feature of the history of Bashkirs is that for many centuries they
lived next door or as part of a fairly large public entities, such as the
Turkic Khaganate, Khazar khanate, Desht-I-Kipchak, Bulgar khanate, the Golden
Horde, which adversely affected their political consolidation and were forced
to find along with fight against them, other forms of preservation of the
ethnic and territorial integrity, and national identity. In particular, when
the Tatar-Mongol invasion, the Bashkirs after a stubborn resistance were forced
to come to terms with the conquerors and to recognize the Supreme authority of
their Khan. This has enabled them to achieve a certain autonomy within the
Golden Horde.
After the collapse of the Golden Horde Bashkir tribes joined the Nogai Horde,
the Kazan and Siberian khanates and partly, Astrakhan khanates. In the challenging
environment of mid XVI century, when there was no real environment for the
establishment of an independent state, the Bashkirs have found to be true for
the time a decision whether to accept Russian citizenship on the basis of an
agreement with the government of Tsar Ivan the terrible, and thus have the
opportunity for a normal existence. As a result of the occurrence of
Bashkortostan in structure of the Russian state in the region end to the feudal
strife, which has a positive impact on the development of the economy and
population growth. Was established economic and cultural ties between Bashkirs
and Russian settlers who were developing the productive forces of the Bashkir
region, a strengthening of borders of the Russian state. The Russian government
guaranteed Bashkirs preserve the lands which they occupy on the basis of
patrimonial rights, Bashkirs, acknowledged themselves subjects of the Russian
Tsar, pledged to do military service and to contribute to the Treasury to
submit a land (tribute) honey and furs. In 1574 on the site of the ancient
Bashkir settlement was founded the city of Ufa is the administrative center of
the region and the future capital of Bashkortostan.
The
active participation of the Bashkirs took in the Peasant war 1773-1775 - the
largest Russian anti-feudal movement under the leadership of E. I. Pugachev.
The entire second stage of the uprising from April to mid July 1774 - came to
the territory of Bashkortostan. Twice in all the time of the Peasant war rebels
were approaching Ufa, but to take it by storm failed. One of the most eminent
companions Pugacheva became the poet-improviser, the national hero of the
Bashkir people Salavat Yulaev. Proved himself a talented military leader,
Salavat Yulaev has been managing large pockets of insurgency, spread of
Pugachev's manifestos among the population, supplied the army of Pugachev
money, supplies, equipment, mobilized soldiers. After the defeat of the rebels
was captured governmental unit, punished and exiled for penal servitude for life
in Rogervik (Paldiski, Estonia).
Continuous uprisings of the XVII—XVIII centuries forced the tsarist government
to make significant adjustments to its policy in the region, to go on certain
concessions not only in relation to the Bashkirs, but the rest of the
population. XVII—XVIII centuries, when the Bashkirs and other peoples
persistently defended their rights, it can be described as a heroic period in
the history of Bashkortostan. At the same time, it is impossible not to draw
attention to the fact that the brutal suppression of uprisings led to the
destruction of the productive forces of the Bashkir society and a significant
reduction in the number of indigenous people. By the end of the XIX century the
Bashkirs had already occupied the second place after Russian population of the
region population. Continued infringement of the patrimonial rights of Bashkirs
on land - to the middle of XVIII century the Bashkirs had lost about half of
their land, and by the beginning of XX century the indigenous population of
Bashkortostan remained not more than 20 percent of possessions.
During the great Patriotic war of Bashkortostan has become one of the largest
regions for reception of the evacuated enterprises and the population, ensuring
the front arms, fuel, food and equipment. In 1941-42, the Republic was accepted
and placed about 100 evacuated plants and factories, dozens of hospitals, the
number of Central state and economic organizations, 278 thousand refugees.
In
winter 1941-42, in addition to General military formations in the Republic were
established two Bashkir cavalry division (112th and 113th). In total for years
of war the Republic was sent to the front about 700 thousand soldiers. Every
third of them perished. The units and formations established in the Republic of
Bashkortostan, participated in the battle of Stalingrad, battle of Kursk, the
lifting of the siege of Leningrad, the liberation of Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova,
Poland, Czechoslovakia, fought in Germany.
Bashkortostan
is recognized as the breadbasket of Russia. The country produces a 4.1 total
agricultural production in the country. Including the leading position occupied
in the production of meat, cereals and potatoes, milk, honey, koumiss, of
horses and cattle.
1) Идельбаев М. Х., Сулейманов А. М. «История и Культура Башкортостана», 2002г. – 56стр.
2)
Башкортостан: Крат. энцикл./ Гл. ред. Р. З. Шакуров. — Уфа: Науч. изд-во
"Башкирская энциклопедия", 1996г. — 672 стр.