Sarsenova S.E.
CSUTE named after Sh. Essenov
ETHNO LINGUISTIC DESCRIPTION OF
SKY OBJECT’S NAMES
Power of every nation’s language is in that this nation’s
collection of ecclesiastical jewel – keeping its priceless heritage, and
inheriting it. Kazakh language also has this kind of heritage. We can say that
it is lexical wealth of Kazakh language.
There is lots of lexical wealth in Kazakh language. It’s not
described only by amount, also by its quality, exactly: by words’ ability of
co-ordination, also by idioms and diverse meanings.
Academician A. Kaidarov: “There is nominative meaning in
every word and in every co-ordination word. Without these nominative meanings,
there are ethno linguistic notions outside of it”. /1.20/
Additional meanings, related to its nation, of every word
and co-ordination word, idioms, proverbs exist. We call it “ethno linguistics”.
In linguistic encyclopedic dictionary: “Ethno linguistic –
it is direction into linguistics, studying language of its relation to culture,
co-operation of ethno cultural and ethno psychological factors in function and
evolution of language” /2.598/ . Considering this fragment, ethno linguistics
is the culture of people and their language, also relation between language and
history of people.
This idea came from XIX c. by expert of linguistics – V.
Gumbold (1767 - 1835). He said: “Language – it is appearance of people’s mind;
result of people’s opinion and level of study of the world” /3.20/ . V.
Gumbold’s idea is continued and developed by scientists. All of them say:
“Language is related to its owners’ culture and lifestyle. People’s history and
culture, tradition and ability of thinking is shown in their language. We must
consider all of them” (E. Sepirov, B.L. Worf, I.L. Weissherber, A. Kaidarov, E.
Zhanpeyisov, M.M. Kopylenko, B. Kaliyev, Z/ Mankeeva). /4.53/
Ethnolinguistics was created as a result
of inside division of differential process in science of languages.It also
stands with ethnolanguage science divisions such as extra-ethnolinguistics,psycholinguistics,paralinguistics
and etc.This division(ethnolinguistics) pays great attention to the beginning
[starting point of] ethnics, traditions
that it has,inheritance left from ancestors,environment and the secrets
of compulsory and materialistic things for living.
These days Kazakh ethnolinguistics has
become a science which has its own trend ,own roles.Ethnolinguistics is a
science of languages which studies languages from the of national ethnics,it
does it for effects of inner ethnopsychological factors,too.
Ethnolinguistics is a new branch of
science that studies the human ethnogenesis,traditions,places of
living,interactions with other countries,everyday life,materialistic and moral
ethics.
The difference that makes it special is
that it does not study language objectives and facts only,but also the main
purpose and topics of research,throuhgly pounders on some topics related to
language ethics.Not only does it study words one by one,but also simple
phrases,figurative,action phrases and phrases that have a deep meaning (fixed
phrases,equivalence,comparison,proverbs) even understanding,thoughts
,information giving small articles are objectively on research in this
science.Ethnolinguistics one duty is to collect facts related to ethnohistory
of a country from a variety of sources ,second duty is to thoroughly
divide divide them into groups ,to
identify the gist, to explain that,and finally conclude;shortly to make them to
be able to say what ethnics really is. /6.126/
If ethno linguistics is as B. Kaliyev wrote: “Deeds of
language is the study of relation with this language’s speakers’ life,
tradition, culture, in one word with its ecclesiastical wealth”, /7.3/ , we can
get information about Kazakh’s lifestyle, tradition from definition of Kazakh
people, and words and co-ordination words about them.
Kazakh people pay attention for weather and seasons in order
to care about sheep whether it’s cold weather or hot. Because weather and
seasons depend on sky objects’ movements, or sky objects’ movements depend on
weather and seasons. In order to name sky objects, people used names or things
related to sheep and nomadic lifestyle: Akbozat, Kokbozat, Eshkimuiz,
Sheepherd’s brown star, etc.
“Ethno linguistics – it’s not only related to facts of
language, and their lexical meanings. It’s also related to extra linguistic
facts” said Z. Mankeeva. /8.262/
These extra linguistic facts are people’s life, history,
culture, geographic place, tradition, faith, etc.
If it’s true, we can define all people’s lifestyle. Let’s
take for instance Temirkazyk, Sulusary, Usharkar, Kuszholy or something else.
What a beautiful names, aren’t they?! Temirkazyk means “constant”, Sulusary’s
color is yellow, and it’s beautiful (sulu – beautiful, sary - yellow), and so
on.
Our aim in this passage
is that defining native language’s peculiarities by sky objects and notions
about it; proving their secrets and nature.
Noticing: main target of ethno linguistic collection is on
stories and tales about people’s astronomy. We found them from H. Abishev’s
books (1959, 1966), M. Iskakov’s “Kazakh’s old calendar” (1960) and A.
Mashanov’s “Al-Farabi” (1970), also from proverbs and literature.
Especially, H. Abishev’s “Secret of sky” (1966) had enormous
helps. We got from this book lots of information about sky objects, their ethno
linguistic descriptions.
Notions about Kazakh people’s sky objects are in native
literature, songs, proverbs, co-ordination words. They’re saved in our wealthy
language.
Sky object’s descriptions are shown in Kazakh language in
s> Ualikhanov’s, T. Zhanuzakov’s, N. Ualiev’s works. For Kazakhs: Sun is
power. It is main feature of earth. Because of this we have lots of words and
co-ordination words written with the word “sun”.
Kazakh people call their son or daughter “my sun” (kunim).
They sometimes name their daughters Kunikei, Kunsulu (Kun –sun, sulu -
beautiful). Their yurt’s door is directed to the East.
Changes in weather depend on Sun’s reaction. Because of this
Kazakh people sometimes say “sun”, replacing the word “weather”. For instance,
they say “sun is cold”, not “weather is cold”.
Moon is beautiful sky object. Related to moon, they have a
lot of words. They name their daughters Aibala, Aisulu, Aiman, Aizhan, Aigul,
Aizharyk (ai - moon), comparing with moon.
Moon is not only object of beauty, it is also magic thing.
It’s magic because: if there is no moon, there’s darkness. In night, if there
isn’t moon, wolves will attack sheep or burglars will get into houses. And if
there’s moon, night is light, everything will be made out.
Moon has beauty, magic and of course power. It is nature’s
great phenomenon, God’s creation. Muslims place sculpture of moon on the top of
mosques and graves because of this.
In Kazakh language there are many proverbs and co-ordination
words. Also they have idioms and phrases about moon such as “Are you watching
at moon?”, “Did you defend moon?”, “Make your face like a moon”.
In
Kazakh folk it is thought that If new
Moon borns straight, weather will be convenient for a deed and will be warm.
But if it borns on the contrary so that time weather will be inconvenient for a
deed and the weather will be cold. You could often hear from people “Moon was
born on back, it will rain most”.
People
noticed that new moon borns either on back or straight. But it does not depend
on changing of weather, it depends on changing of season. In summer new moon
borns straight, in winter it borns on back. /9.75/
In
ancient Turkish folks counting years into months known as “counting month”. There are many types of
counting month. There are: June month, number month, star month, Kazakh
counting e. t .c.
Kazakh
always controlled the born and set down of Urker. They linked their deed with
this. Urker take off, Urker landed e. t .c. These collocations have ethno
linguistic meaning.
In
Kazakh folk there are collocations related to Urker which are often said. They
are: Urker born, Urker raised, Urker on back, Urker lay down. Each of them has
its own deep meaning.
For
example “Urker born” people understand as “weather is getting warm”, “night
shorted, day became long”, shepherd understand as “grass grew up ”, “sheep will
be fed ”.
Collocation
“Urker raised up” people understand as “winter came”, “weather is getting
cold”, “night became long, day shortened”, shepherd “grass is ready”, “sheep
became fat” e.t.c.
The
collocation “Urker on back ” people
understand as “day shortened, night became long”, “weather got cold”.
When
we hear “Urker lay down” people understand as ‘’so, weather will be warm”,
shepherd “sheep are thin”.
Therefore
people say: If Urker does not lay down ,
ground will not be heated. The meaning of this collocation is that we
can define when our folk set up the crop. Because Kazakh folk never set up crop
before the Urker born. If they set up, without
chances.
In
Kazakh folk there is an opinion “Urker was born, so soap will be a meal”. The
meaning is this : in spring Urker is seen on back, then later it lay down”
disappears. In the middle of summer (approximately after June 20th) Urker
before morning is seen in the East side. In this time sheep that exit from
winter becomes fat. Opinion that is born from the real life.
“Urker
raised, koshkar raises its heated” say people. The meaning of collocation:
“When Urker lay down about 40 days
koshkar does not feel to add themselves to sheeps(this time koshkar does not
have sperm) after Urker’s raise they will start to join to sheep.
How
Urker lay down, they will do the same.
Temirkazyk
is the nearest star to North side.Therefore, we can say that it doesn’t move at
night. Because of this it is called Temirkazyk. Country near Almaty calls
Temirkazyk Altinkazyk or Zhalgizkazyk. Its main sign – “kazyk”. So the second
problem is that we do not know it is
iron, gold or lonely. The main – it remains constant.
In
our nation there is a proverb “August born shining, horse gets fat huge”. The
reason of borning of this proverb: August is the end of summer, beginning of
autumn( approximately) born. This time grass is ready. July passes, weather gets cold. Flies fly away. Because of all of these sheep get fat. Especially horses
distribute most.
There
is proverb that is essential “If august borns, water gets cold”. Days of august
are hot, nights are cold. Because of cold night , the water also gets cold. It
reports of coming of autumn.
We often hear the
provetb “People who recognize the Zhetikarakwy
never get lost”. Zhetikarakwy – seven stars. Front 4 stars is its head, others its tail. By looking to
their replacement we could easily find the direction.
Mercury is reporter of Sun. Therefore folk says: “If
and only if Mercury borns, sun raises up”. So the word “Mercury was born” defined as “sun is
raising up”.
In Kazakh phrases there are a lot of collocations related to
star, for instance, star burned, star shines, star is borned form right side,
let your star be on pick, star is opposing e.t.c. Secret of these: “In the sky
everyone has its own star”. There is a belief “If any of star shoots so then
its owner also dies. Let your star be on pick means to be away from death.
The conclusion of all of these: The proverbs, collocations,
idioms even do not show our grandfathers experience and their belief, it also
shows our nations ecclesiastical wealth and knowledge.
Literatures
1. Kaydarov A. Ethnolinguistic //
Knowledge and work.
1985 y. 18-22 p
2. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. Sov M.
1990 y. 682 p
3. Gumboldt B. Selected works on linguistics M. Progress. 1984 y. 397 p
4. Zhanpeysov Ethnolinguistic // Natural language. 1994 y. 24 January
5. Kopplenko M.M. Ethnolinguistics basis Almaty, Eurasia. 1995 y. 170 p
6. Ualyuly N. Frenology and language regulation.
RBK. 1998 y. 126 p
7. Kalyev B. Kazakh Ethnolinguistic // Kazakh language knowledge tasks. Almaty. 1998 y. 3-10 p
8. Mankeyeva J. Traditional types of cultural vocabulary. Almaty 1997 y.
272 p
9. Abyshev H. Outer side of heaven. Kazakhstan. 1996 y. 260 p