Aimukhanova Alma

Caspian state university of technologies and engineering named after S.Yesenov

Etymology and lexico-semantic classification of pseudo personal names in the names of Younger Zhuz families

One of the spiritual values, having been respected since the old days by our peoples and heritage propagated from generation to generation is a family tree of our ancestors (shezhire). In general the tradition of designing a family tree was formed not only in some European countries, such as Germany, England, France, but also in many eastern states. It also existed in Russia where family trees of tsars, noble classes, separate noblemen were composed, which is known to us from the history.

Scholar M.Kozhanuly writes: “If a family tree (shezhire) – is one of the branches of science history narrating about the origin, expansion and chronology of the family, tribe, nation, then its language research is closely connected with the branch of ethno linguistics in the science of linguistics” [1.14-15].

The essence of every nation, its every day household on the Earth is noted with the words. One of the most complicated consequent and specific names in vernacular are ethnicons. Ethnicons are the names of families, tribes, nations. Ethnicons are valuable materials, providing us with the information about historical pictures and language basis of society development of every epoch, its ideological condition. That is why they are considered a rich heritage, having relationship to various research on the historical, ethnographic, philosophical and linguistic point of view [2.94].

Ethnonymy is closely connected with anthroponymy and toponymy. Ethnicons are principally personal names. Family leaders’ names were turned into family names. Anthroponymy is one of the branches of onomatology, researching personal names, i.e. proper nouns of people, their nicknames and pseudonyms, family names. Anthroponymy researches information, concerning its name: the quality of a person, his father’s name, his family name, connected with his family, nation, profession, his birthplace.

Theoretic anthroponymy considers the formation, laws of development, structure, system, samples, historical layers of personal names of a definite ethnos, anthroponymic language interrelation [3].

One of the groups of ancient ethnicons on its origin represents pseudo ethnicons. For example, kara kanly (dark-complexioned kanly), sary uisyn (light uisyn), baiuly (rich man’s son), taz (bald), zhetiru (seven families), shymyr (strong), kokirek (haughtiness), shuyldak (noisy), oshakty (tagan or family), shimoiyn (with a think neck like a match), momyn (timid, quiet), tortkara (for dark complexion men) and etc. [4.69].

The fact that a nickname is not a real name of a person, but a word that is used instead of it can be noticed at once. The name of a person in its meaning is a usual characteristic of him. Nicknames usually and gradually become habitual as proper nouns of their bearers. They are given according to his physiological or psychological peculiarities of a person. Depending on the man’s appearance, for example, if he has blue eyes, he can be called Kokkoz (blue eyes), if he has black eyes, he would be called Karakoz (black eyes), he is lame, he would be called Tokir (lame), and if he has dark complexion, he would be called Karabala (a dark complexion boy) [2.127].

Such pseudo personal names are met also in the family names of younger Family. Having collected ethnicons of younger Family and connecting their names depending on every day household, traditional consciousness and traditional ideas, world outlook, world perception and also depending on legends and popular beliefs, existing in nation, concerning their names, we classified those ethnicons according to their origin. Here are the following groups:

1. Pseudo ethnicons, connected with look, appearance, physiological peculiarities and drawbacks of a person. Here can be referred: Karakempir (Black old woman), Karasakal (Black beard), Taz (Bald), Sholak (Short), etc.

As for the name of the family «Sholk»: Kozhamsugir – Zhomart’s son of the elder wife. In the battle with the enemy his arm was wounded with a bullet or spear as a result of what his arm became shorter. After that they started to call him Sholak.

2. Pseudo ethnicons, connected with man’s character and behavior. The following can be referred here: Esentemir (safe and sound Temir), Zhomart (Generous), Korpe (Blanket), etc.

The history of Family name origin «Zhomart» is the following: There is an assumption that once upon a time Zhemeney’s son Zhomart was very famous. He was named Atalyk from his birth. And as he was very generous, people called him Zhomart which means “generous” in translation.

3. Pseudo ethnicons, connected with family state of a person. The following ethnicons can be referred here: Beibishe (Elder wife), Kete, Kete Shomekei, Turikpenadai, etc.

Ethnicon etymology «Turkmenadai» is the following: Families that spread from an ancestor Kosai do not say about themselves that “they are from Kosai family”, but they said that “they are from Turkmenadai family”. There are two variants of this ethnicon origin. According to the first legend, the foremother of this family was a Turkowoman, that is why they had a name “Turkmenadai”. According to the second legend it is absolutely not so. Most of Kosai’s ancestors were brave batyrs. Such batyrs as Tanirbergen, Yesek, Toktamys, Tokpambet were enemies and often had wars with Turkman after the wars they brought with them cattle, property, clothes, which in future were used themselves. That is why families of younger Families began to call batyrs from Kosai family – Turkmenadai. Monk Yensep uphold the last version.

4. Pseudo ethnicons, connected with household, kind of occupation of a person. Ethnicon Balykshy (Fisherman) can be referred to this kind of pseudo ethnicons. The history of Family «Balykty» origin is the following. According to family tree (sherizhe) of Adai family, Balykshy is the son of Kelimberdi. He was named Shybyntai from his birth. As he was very poor, he had to go fishing. Smart Kazakh daughters-in-law, who could not call elder people by names gave him a name “Fisherman”. With time this nickname began to be used not only by daughters-in-law but by all family. Thus, name Shybyntai remained and this person was called by this nickname Balykshy (Fisherman).

5. Pseudo ethnicons, connected with social position of a person. The following can be referred here: Baiuly (Rich man’s son), Zhamanadai (Bad adai), Karakesek (Dark-complexion big), etc.

As an example of this group we can speak about the etymology of family name «Baiuly». Kydyrgozha was a very rich man. That is why his descendants were named Baiuly (Rich man’s son).

6. Pseudo ethnicons, connected with people’s actions. Here can be referred the following: Zholbarys (Tiger), Shalbar (Trousers), etc.

Kashkaynbai (Zholbarys) is Kemel’s son. When he left for war, his enemies always saw a tiger, accompanying Kashkynbai. That is why Kashkynbai was named Zholbarys.

7. Pseudo ethnicons, connected with people’s relationship with each other. To such ethnicons we can refer the following: Kynanorys (Russian foal), Karash (Look), etc. Etymology of family name Karash (Look) is this: as Almembet was the only son of Zhayk, Oraz gave him his son Yedil (Karash). Almembet was quiet and household and he was not poor, he had enough cattle. Syrlybai was a strong guy. But he did not have cattle and he was poor.

That is why he asked cattle from his rich relative Zhaiyk who gave him cattle once and then again and again. In spite of this fact, Shegem’s children stopped asking for cattle from him. With the words “You do not return what you take, you only ask” and he sent him away with nothing twice. Soon Zhaiyk died. Almembet and Yedil (Karash) remained. Almembet was timid and quiet. Shegem had four sons. And all of them were strong guys. Once they came to Almembet and began to frighten him with words: “We are one family with Yedil, he is the son of Oraz not Zhaiyk. If you do not return the cattle, we will take it by force”. Almembet gave them cattle but they kept on asking. Almembet repeated to Yedil many times: “Look, look if the Shegems are coming or not”. Thus, name Yedil was lost and turned into Karash.

Famous people’s names are pronounced together with historical events, experienced by people and find their eternal place in the people’s memory. If the language, image speech constructions have emotional-expressive meaning then steady combinations that were formed from the names of historical personalities in most cases have information meaning and are distinguished by its vitality. In every family name and historical personality name at a definite extent there is people’s wisdom and culture, traditions and customs.

References:

1. M.Kozhanuly. “Some words about kereit and tama families, met in family tree of a Younger Family”. Article. Onomatology bulletin. № 2 (4), 2005.

2. Kazakh onomatology issues. Almaty. Science, 1986.

3. Kazakh language. Encyclopedia. Almaty: The Ministry of education, science and health care of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan institute of development, 1998.

4. T.Zhanuzak.”Kazakh onomatology”. Volume I. Astana, LLC “1C-Service”, 2006.

5. A.Atshybayev. “Young family family tree”. Almaty. Publishing house “Olke”, 1996.

6. А.Mendalyuly. “Adai family family tree”. Almaty, “Inform-A”, 2002.