Политология/Политическая конфликтология
Студент
Kишкина Н. Н.
Западно-Казахстанский инженерно-гуманитарный
Университет
Article on the theme: “Taiwan Issue:
Whether there was a Division of the Great Civilization?”
Why is one of the ancient civilizations on the way of its development
having never been stopped or destroyed in the state of disagreement about its
legal successor (assignee)? Is Communist or Kuomintang China the very continuation
of the Chinese Civilization that exists over 5,000 years?
Studying the issue you might face the two absolutely different points of
view from both “inside” and “outside”. There are a lot of questions rather than
answers when you have more in-depth consideration of the topic. It is
impossible to see the fact of division and when it happened. It seemed for the
first time that there was an ordinary confrontation of ideologies and systems
which can be frequently seen in the contemporary world in case of a nation
division based on religion or politically motivated. However, gaining insight
into the topic you see the cultural and even civilization differences. There is
no precise answer to the question “Whether
there was a division of the Chinese Civilization yet in the middle of XX century?”
or “Is it just the conflict of interest (political, personal, etc)?” And the
most important question is following: “Are Mainland China and Taiwan really so
far apart as it seems?” or” Is it a sharp movement of one and a slow movement
of another which meet at the same point?”
Nowadays Taiwan is one of the examples of economic miracle and one of
the most powerful economies in South-Eastern Asia. Made a sharp jock in the 80s,
without any difficulties had been passing crisis of 1997-1999, today's GDP at
PPP Taiwan ranks 20th position in the world, this is an excellent
result for such a small state with a minimal amount of natural resources. Taiwan
has an export-oriented economy, which is an important component in the global
electronics industry chain [1]. Radio details and personal computers are two
main products of Taiwan informational technology industry [2]. Overall, Taiwan
is one of the most developed regions in Asia, the so-called "Four Asian
Tigers", along with South Korea, Singapore and Hong Kong.
In turn, the Chinese mainland, under the control of the Communist Party
of China is a great power, as well as a candidate for superpower. Since
December 2014 is the first economy in the world by GDP (PPP) [3], the world
leader in the production of most types of industrial production, including the
production of cars and consumer demand for them, to all other, is the world's
largest exporter (the "world factory ").
In general, the economic situation in both regions is high enough, and
is not, a so-called stumbling stone in improving relationships. Moreover, in
recent decades China is the main trading partner of Taiwan. All this point out
to the establishment of relations between the parties and gives a positive prediction
for further cooperation.
As for the political situation, it is known from history, that in 1949
the Chinese Communist Party led by Mao Zedong had took control of mainland
China and founded the People's Republic of China. In the same year the
Government of the Republic of China, led by Chan Kai-shek with the soldiers and
two million refugees retreated to the island of Taiwan. Chiang Kai-shek
declared Taipei the provisional capital and since then considered his
government legitimate authority throughout China, although real power was not.
Until 1971, the Republic of China recognized by the UN as legitimate government
of China. October 25, 1971, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution № 2758
[4]. In accordance with that, the right of China to the UN moved from the
Republic of China to the People's Republic of China, including the permanent
seat of the UN Security Council. [5]
In the 1970s, Taiwan Republic of China and the People's Republic of
China entered on the path of serious reforms. In the case of Taiwan, it was the
democratic reforms, which aimed at establishing a multiparty system and the
liberalization of the economy. China had gone the other way, its were strengthening
the dictatorship of the Communist Party, nationalization of the economy and the
implementation of the "cultural revolution" [6].
This policy was subsequently convicted by came to power after the
overthrow of the "Gang of Four" Deng Xiaoping.The III Plenum of the
Central Committee of the CPC 11th convocation (December 1978) proclaimed the
policy of the socialist market economy with a combination of two systems:
planning and distribution and the market for mass attraction of foreign
investment, greater economic independence of enterprises, the introduction of
household responsibility in rural areas, reducing the share of public sector in
the economy, the opening of free economic zones, the overcoming poverty, the
development of science and technology. During power of Deng Xiaoping, foreign
policy of the country, in contrast to the era of Mao, had become passive. In
the end of 80s begin of 90s, China had managed to completely remove power to
ensure the population problem, to develop a high GDP growth and industrial
production, to raise the standard of living of the people. [7]. Reforms
successfully continuing to the present time, the receivers of Deng Xiaoping -
Jiang Zemin (since 1993), Hu Jintao (2002), Xi Jinping (since 2012).
At present, the People's Republic of China - is a
unitary republic, socialist state of the people's democratic dictatorship. [8]
The main law of the state is the constitution adopted in 1982. The highest
organ of state authority - unicameral National People's Congress (NPC), made up
of 2,979 deputies elected regional assemblies of People's Representatives for a
term of 5 years. Sessions NPC convened on an annual basis. Between sessions of
the NPC exercises the powers of Standing Committee of the National People's
Congress
The election of deputies shall be allowed only from the Communist Party
of China and the eight so-called democratic parties of the Chinese People's
Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). [9] Proper legal authorities acting
in the territory of special administrative regions the Hong Kong and Macau [10].
Whereas, Taiwan is a democratic
state with limited diplomatic recognition and control only Taiwan and its
surrounding islands. The main parties - the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Democratic
Progressive Party. Secondary - The new party (appeared in 1993 as a result of
the split KMT), People First Party. In total there are about 80 party groups and associations [11].
Throughout history of the solution of the Taiwan issue, China has been
used the formulation "one China-two systems", while the ratio of
Taiwan's had been varied depending on the governing parties. Under the rule of
the Democratic Progressive Party, Taiwan has expressed its stance of "one
China, one Taiwan", but with the return of KuoMingtang's leader, in
February 2006, during a visit to Europe, Ma Ying-jeou said that although he and
his party Kuomintang support gradual unification with China, however, respects
the opinion of the Taiwan citizens, and that he understands that some of them are
choosing independence. [12] And in an interview " Newsweek
International," in December 2005, he stated that "for our party the
ultimate goal of the union, but we do not have a time frame." He has also
repeatedly stressed that the KMT continues to advocate for the status quo, and
said that his party supports the one-China policy. The meeting of Ma Ying-jeou
and Xi Jinping, held in Singapore in November 2015 confirmed that [13].
Looking at this problem from the perspective of social and cultural
relations of the inhabitants of regions, of course, stands out Taiwanese's
desire for independence and separate
self-determination. An example of this is the fact, that the Taiwanese do not
consider themselves Chinese, moreover, expresses dissatisfaction with this
treatment. As well Taiwanese displeased with the policies of the PRC in the
simplification of Chinese writing, and today, Taiwan is the only one region
where is used complete traditional Chinese hieroglyphics. By that, considering themself
a true successor of the traditions of
the famous hieroglyphic writing. Of course, the level of education of Taiwanese
is much higher than in mainland China, the main part has a higher education,
most often with a technical bias. Mainland China today has not the results, but
work is being done, and taking into account that the population of mainland
China's more than 1.3 billion people, which is several times higher than the 23
million people of Taiwan, the Chinese government has reached very good results
in literacy program.
As for the Chinese people in China, they are related to Taiwan, as the
prodigal son, who lost in this world, which will soon, no doubt, will come back
to the fold.
In this regard, necessary steps must be taken to establish friendly
relations between the regions. Today, the residents of countries to visit each
other must obtain a visa, which is one of the barriers to the establishment of
cultural relations. Of course, Rome was not built in a day, and the inhabitants
of the regions have yet to overcome a lot of prejudice and prejudgment at the
expense of each other. For about 50 years, when the relationship passed from
the dangers of military attack to signing the consensus, it has been very difficult to forget suddenly all grudges
and take a step towards unification. For a long period of time, while in the
"cold war" state, it is difficult for a couple of decades to reach a
common agreement and to reset all the shackles that gave rise to many
contradictions and misunderstandings, and in other times and bitter disappointments,
yet on the basis of recent events, it must be concluded that the dialogue is
adjusted, there is work to rapprochement. But on the other hand, what is bad in
desire of the Taiwanese to self-determination, independence? Is it possible that this inspired them to
carry out such a huge economic, cultural and technological developments? Residents
of Taiwan have already proved themselves
and the world that they are completely independent, and, moreover, are
sufficiently strong players in the international arena.
I, for one, consider that Taiwan people can solve the Taiwan issue and choose
for themselves a decent life, satisfying all their needs and protecting their
interests. Will the Taiwan issue be solved by combining or by Taiwanese
independence, and will it gain the coveted recognition, it's all a matter of
time and decision of the people, the nation, which was divided. It is almost
impossible, after so many years of division to unite and become one whole.
Responding to the question that has been asked at the beginning of the article,
whether the Chinese civilization is divided, I would like to note that it was
not divided. It is very difficult to cross 5000 years over a short period of
time like 65 years, but still, each branch has chosen the way of development.
Sun Yat-sen's China went its own way, communist China its own, it does not
indicate a division or a rejection of the values that a nation has
nurtured and retained for a huge period of time. All the best manifestations of
Chinese civilization are present, as well as on the mainland and on the
islands. Is not that a worthy continuation of a great civilization, the great
idea of the great people to live in dignity, prosperity and
development?
References:
1) Timothy J. Sturgeon,
Momoko Kawakami. Global value chains in the electronics industry. World Bank
(september 2010).
2) Tain-Jy Chen, Ying-Hua
Ku. The development of Taiwan's personal computer industry (may 2002).
3) Tim Worstall. China's
Now The World Number One Economy And It Doesn't Matter A Darn (англ.). Forbes (7 December 2014).
4) http://www.studfiles.ru/preview/2861567/ Современная экономика Китая: общая характеристика
5)Официальная документация
ООН, Текст Резолюции ГА ООН 2758 (XXVI)
6) https://sites.google.com/site/countryk1411/kitaj-karnauhova/istoria-vozniknovenia-strany / История возникновения страны
7) http://argnews.lookmy.info/index.php?id=3870&newsid=71013&show=news/ В чем кроется феномен Китая? — Не тот там коммунизм
8 )http://www.gmu-countries.ru/asia/china/konstituciya.html/ Конституция
9) http://mybiblioteka.su/tom2/7-29459.html/ Китайская Народная Республика
10) http://ru.knowledgr.com/00044495/ОднаСтранаДвеСистемы/ Одна страна, две системы
11) http://info-country.ru/kitaiskaya_respublika_obshaya_informaciya_o_strane-1187.html / Китайская Республика - Общая информация
о стране
12) http://www.express-k.kz/news/?ELEMENT_ID=58835/Председатель КНР и глава администрации Тайваня
встречаются в Сингапуре впервые за 66 лет
13) http://ria.ru/world/20151107/1315503627.html/ Историческая встреча руководителей КНР и Тайваня проходит
в Сингапуре