Ryabikina E.V., Bobyreva M.S.

Rostov state university of economics (RSUE)

Nature climate change

Planet Earth is unique: a huge stone ball circle 40 thousand kilometers, one third land, two thirds water and oxygen-rich atmosphere created the only known place in the Universe where there is life!

However, in today's world, become more visible traces and imprints of human existence on our beautiful flower of life. In recent decades we can observe how changing different Geosphere, depending on the activities of mankind. One of the biggest changes is the climate change on Earth. A combination of climate change on Earth is global warming, which people are increasingly concerned about the problem of global warming is the most urgent for the continued existence of life on earth.

Emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere peaked in the last two years, which is one of the main reasons for the increase in temperature on Earth. Now this value is 400 parts per million, according to the annual Bulletin of the world meteorological organization (WMO) on greenhouse gases. Some 300 million children globally live in areas with toxic levels of air pollution that are more than six times higher than guidelines set by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is the concentration of carbon in the atmosphere that actually intensifies the greenhouse effect, in turn warming the climate. the World Meteorological Organization said 2011-2015 was the hottest five-year period on record. 2016 was the hottest year in recent decades. Evidence of global warming all well known: increase the average global temperature (winters become warmer, summer months hotter), melting glaciers, raising the water level in the oceans and are increasingly emerging and increasingly destructive typhoons and hurricanes, floods in Europe and droughts in Australia.

Now the average temperature on Earth is 14 degrees C, and is still far from the maximum. Why are so much concerned about scientists in the world? The urgency in solving this problem is due to the fact that the natural causes of climate change, which was always added another factor - anthropogenic (by human activities), the impact of which on climate change, according to some researchers, is becoming stronger every year.

Over the past 100 years Earth's average temperature rose by 1 degree. It would seem a bit. What are so worried about humanity and forcing the leaders of many countries to take measures to reduce emissions of exhaust gases? First, it was enough to melt glaciers and increase of level of world ocean. Second, some processes are easier to start than to stop. For example as a result of melting of Arctic sea ice into the atmosphere will begin to get a large amount of methane that will further increase the greenhouse effect. Without action to slow carbon dioxide emissions, ice could disappear entirely from the Arctic in warm summer months in a matter of decades. Sea ice reached the second-lowest point on record this fall. Due to the melting of the ice will be the desalination of the ocean that will change the Gulfstream. It has a great influence on the climate of Europe, which as a result, this can switch. From this we can say that global warming will trigger processes that will lead to the acceleration of climate change, which affect be impossible.

Researchers working in Arctic Russia have expressed their concerns that thousands of reindeer could die this year as a result of global climate change. The scientists also showed a link between decreasing levels of ice cover caused by rising temperatures and the starvation of thousands of reindeer. About 20,000 reindeer starved to death in 2006 and another 61,000 in 2013. The animal’s usual food supply of lichen and vegetation was cut off by the snow, resulting in the starvation of thousands. Researchers now fear similar devastation might occur this winter.

Also the coral bleaching that struck the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Australia earlier this year was the deadliest ever recorded in the region, which is a consequence of climate change. More that two-thirds of corals in the northern part of the reef closest to shore, the most affected region, have died in the last nine months, researchers said. Around a quarter died farther offshore in the north. As said James Cook University researcher Andrew Baird : «The coral is essentially cooked». More that two-thirds of corals in the northern part of the reef closest to shore, the most affected region, have died in the last nine months, researchers said. The Great Barrier Reef, perhaps the world’s best known coral reef, is far from the only region hit hard by this year’s bleaching. Researchers from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reportedearlier this year that bleaching had occurred in a greater area than ever before, stretching from the South Pacific to the Caribbean. Coral reefs play a key role in marine ecosystems and serve as an important barrier protecting coastal communities from storms and extreme weather events. Restoring coral reefs is a tall order in a warming climate. Scientists expect bleaching to get more frequent and more severe, even if the world fulfills commitments to limit climate change. And, once reefs are gone, they will not come back.

However, not all the factors affecting climate change, may only be of bad character. Warmer temperatures in the U.K. due to man-made climate change could make the country a leading wine producer by the end of the century, according to new research. Climate plays an important role in the formation of taste and diversity of wines. The warming will create new conditions for growing grapes, leading to the ability to grow new varieties. This will bring the UK into a global leader of manufacturers Britain already has a successful wine industry, with vineyards producing, among others, globally celebrated sparkling wines. But climate change could make higher elevations suitable for wine production.

“The year 2015 ushered in a new era of optimism and climate action,” said WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas, referring to the landmark Paris Agreement to address climate change. Countries around the globe have developed and implemented policies to slow emissions of carbon dioxide, the primary gas behind man-made climate change. Policymakers are increasingly introducing rules to encourage the adoption of renewable power and phase out the highest polluting fossil fuel plants, particularly coal-fired power plants. In the U.S., for instance, the Clean Power Plan has led many states to phase out coal-fired power plants and replace them with natural gas or renewable power plants. Political analysts say that the fight against climate change will bring costs for the economy. In November 2015, Vladimir Putin spoke about the contribution to the deceleration of the warming of our planet, In the atmosphere were about 40 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalents. For comparison, the emissions of all countries of the world in 2012 amounted to 46 billion tons. We can say that Russia's efforts helped to slow down global warming for almost a year."

Soon the representatives of the countries going to Morocco for a conference regarding the embodiment in the steps of last year's Paris Agreement. A new report from the WMO encourages not only follow the Paris agreement and beyond. “Halting global warming at a manageable level, as the world’s nations decided in the Paris Agreement, is now a race against time,” said Stefan Rahmstorf of the Potsdam Institute in Germany. However, humanity has to do it. Life on Earth needs to thrive. We must maintain our extraordinarily beautiful planet. It's the holy duty of each of us.

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