Historical science
M.V. Apostol,
PhD of History
ACADEMICIAN
M. ZUBETS – AUTHOR OF UKRAINIAN BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences,
Professor, Academician of NAAS M. Zubets
(1938–2014) made a significant contribution to the development of animal
science in Ukraine. The scientists have developed a theory of breed creation,
the foundations of animal selection. He optimized the system of line breeding
and methodological foundations of management of breed genealogy. He formulated
the theory of consolidation of breeding units; growing, assessment and rational
using of sires; biological basis of forming a record performance of animals. He
substantiated concept of developing of specialized animal husbandry, planning
and organization of breeding, schemes of large-scale breeding livestock.
M. Zubets also improved the technological
aspects of cattle breeding, biotechnology and genetic bases of breeding of farm
animals. He proposed methods for preservation and sustainable using of animal
gene pool, the scientific and methodological approaches to the allocation of
resources in cattle breeding and others.
He proposed a radically new
hypothesis of species genesis, which was the base of new theoretical concept of
selective preservation of breed gene pool, the basic conceptual position was
implemented in deriving national highly specialized breed and types of cattle. The main strategic goal was the best
of the world's gene pool and almost complete preservation of the positive qualities of local breeds using
reproductive crossbreeding. He has initiated the development of the country's beef cattle industry together with the well-known Ukrainian scientists F. Eisner, M. Kravchenko,
P. Pogrebnyak. While scientist’s basic scientific research focused on basic research of
selection and breeding, he also initiated the complex research of genetics and biotechnology cattle breeding problems.
Academician M. Zubets is author of 4 Ukrainian dairy cattle breeds. In
particular, Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy
breed have been created by complex reproductive crossbreeding of Simmental (maternal
basis) and Holstein (paternal basis). According to some crossbreeding schemes they
used Ayrshyr and Montbéliard
as improving breeds. The breed was approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of
Ukraine in 1993. Its structural formation: the Central, the Western and
Carpathian interbreed types, and 6 interplant types. The breed milk production
potential is 7.900 kg of milk per lactation. The fat content – 3,7–4,0%,
protein – 3,3–3,4%. The productive longevity – 4.5–5.5 lactations. Milk
formation – 1,35–1,40 kg per
Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed
was created using complex reproductive crossing of black-and-white cattle
(maternal basis) and Holstein (paternal basis) breeds. On certain crossing
schemes Holland breed was involved as improving. The breed was approved by the
Ministry of Agriculture of Ukraine in 1996. The breed structural formations: Central-and-Eastern,
Western, Polisky, Sumsky, Southern
innerbreed types, 5 plant types. The potential of the
breed milk production is 8.000–9.000 kg of milk per lactation. Fat content – 3,72–3,96 %,
protein – 3,2–3,3 %. Reproductive level is 80–92 calves per 100 cows. Productive
longevity is more than 4 lactations. Milk production – 1,38–1,42 kg per
Ukrainian Red Dairy breed was created
using complex reproductive crossing of Red Steppe breed (maternal basis),
improved by Angler and Red Dutch breeds, and Holstein (paternal basis) breeds.
The breed was approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Ukraine in 2005.
Structural formations of Ukrainian Red Dairy breed: Butterfat and Holsteinized innerbreed types, 4 zonal plant types. The breed potential of milk production is
7.000–8.000 kg of milk per lactation. Fat content – 3,8–4,00 %, protein –
3,2–3,3 %. Breed reproductive level – 80 calves per 100 cows. Productive
longevity is 4–7 lactations. Its milk production is
Ukrainian Brown Dairy breed was
created using complex reproductive crossing of Lebedynska
breed (maternal basis) and Swiss (paternal basis) of Western European and Nothern American selection. The breed was approved by the
Ministry of Agriculture of Ukraine in 2009.
The breed potential of milk production constitutes is 6.000–7.000 kg of milk per lactation. Fat content is
3,9–4,0 %, protein – 3,5 %. Live weight of cows is 500–550 kg. Competitive
traits of the breed are increased protein and casein content in milk, which is
favourably used at cheese and other dairy products processing. Reproductive
level is 85 calves per 100 cows. Milk production –
Academician M. Zubets is author of 4 Ukrainian beef cattle breeds. In
particular, selection work on Ukrainian Beef breed creation was began in 60 – 70s of the XX century with researching
of efficiency of different variants of crossing native and imported beef breeds.
Chernihivsky and
Prydniprovsky types, which were formed using complex
reproductive crossing of Simmental, Grey Ukrainian, Charolais
and Chianina breeds, were approved by
the Ministry of Agriculture of Ukraine in 1987. Creation of Ukrainian beef
breed carried through the consolidation of both types and ended in 1993. Its structural formations: 2 zonal types, and 6 plant lines. Breed potential:
cow milk production (for calves’ live weight at weaning at 210 days) – for the
² calving
Volynska
Beef breed creation was began in
1974 on base complex reproductive crossing of local black-and-white and red
polish cattle with Aberdin-Angus, Hereford, Limusin. Breed approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of
Ukraine in 1994. Its structural formations: 1 innerbreed
type and 6 plant lines. Bred potential: cows’ milk production for the ² calving
194–260 kg, for the ²²² calving and older 205–238 kg. Sires’ live weight –
950–1050 kg, adult cows – 580–600 kg, 18 month’s heifers – 390–410 kg,
young bulls – 510–530 kg. Beef production: carcass weight – 330–350 kg,
dressing percentage – 60–63 %. Reproductive level is 83–90 calves per 100
cows. Daily gains is 1.000–1.200 g, feed costs per
Poliska
Beef breed was created on base of
complex reproductive crossing of Chernigivsky and Prydniprovsky (maternal base) of Ukrainian Beef breed and Znamyansky (paternal) types. The breed was approved by the
Ministry of Agriculture of Ukraine in
1999. Its structural formations are 6 plant lines. Breed potential:
cows’ milk production is for the ² calving 205–234 kg, for the ²²² calving and
older 215–236 kg. Sires’ live weight – 900–960 kg, adult cows – 570–600 kg,
heifers at 18 months – 385–410 kg, young bulls – 510–540 kg. Breed beef
production: carcass weight – 290–300 kg, dressing percentage – 62–64 %.
Reproductive level is 85–93 calves per 100 cows. Daily gains is 1.000–1.250 g. Feed costs
per
Finally, Southern Beef breed was created on base of breeds: Red Steppe, Saint-Gertrude, Simmental, Short
Horn, Hereford, Aberdeen-Angus, Charolais, Cuban Zebu. Breed was approved by the
Ministry of Agriculture of Ukraine in 2009. Its
structural formations: 2 innerbreed types (prychornomorsky
and askaniysky),
6 plant lines. Breed potential: cows’ milk production for the ²
calving is 180–225 kg, for the ²²² calving and older is 200–235 kg.
Sires’ live weight – 900–1100 kg, adult cows – 500–600 kg, 18 mths’ heifers – 380–430 kg, young bulls – 500–600 kg. Beef
production: carcass weight – 300–340 kg, dressing percentage – 59–62 %.
Reproductive ability is 80–82 calves per 100 cows. Daily gains – 990–1300 g. Feed costs per
Ukrainian dairy and beef cattle breed
created in the authorship of Academician M. Zubets are highly productive
and technological, well adapted to the regional conditions in Ukraine. They
provide a cost-effective and competitive livestock production. The genetic
potential of its performance meets European standards. So the newly created
breeds make up more than 80% of the breed gene pool of the country.
Thus Academician M. Zubets has developed a theory of breed creation, the
foundations of animal selection. He formulated the theory of consolidation of
breeding units; growing, assessment and rational using of sires; biological basis
of forming a record performance of animals. He substantiated concept of
developing of specialized animal husbandry, planning and organization of
breeding, schemes of large-scale breeding livestock. He has initiated the development
of the country's beef cattle industry. M. Zubets is author
of 8 highly productive and technological, well adapted to the regional
conditions Ukrainian dairy and beef cattle breeds.
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