Tashbekova I.J.,

Kursk state technical university

Management of education in the Russian Empire in second half of XIX-th century

In Russia in the XIX-th century there were some educational levels: since an elementary education (elementary) in 2-3 classes and finishing higher education (a magistracy and a scientific degree of the doctor of sciences). Education in Russia was given by educational institutions, and also private teachers (house formation). Educational institutions in the Russian empire were subdivided into the higher, average and the lowest.

The national schools named the lowest schools became the first level in an education system of the Russian empire.

Dissociation of the schools, primary encouragement of church-parish schools acted as the factors, disturbing to national education development in Russia.

The given opinion was expressed not only the public, but also has been is standard supported, to that archival materials where it is specified testify also that concerning participation of orthodox clergy in business of national education by the minister of national education the circular offer in which it is explained on July, 20th, 1878 is given that for successes in national education the nearest participation in the given case of orthodox clergy is necessary and is specified in a duty of educational department to promote such participation and to have to it. Existence of a large quantity of tserkovno-parish schools in Russia – a fact of common knowledge.

Questions of introduction of obligatory education in Russia in second half of XIX-th century sounded repeatedly, but possibility of realisation of such actions was impossible.

Absence of enough of educational institutions both their material and educational neediness became one of problems in impossibility of granting of educational services to all population of school age. Therefore about 2/3 children of the radical Russian population remained without training. Absence of due number and corresponding qualification of teachers also did not promote introduction of general formation in Russia. Gradually in Russia on the basis Standard creativity the minister of national education courses for preparation of teachers start to open.

Average educational institutions which included became a following link of educational system of Russia: 1) man's grammar schools, programmar schools and schools; 2) real schools; 3) technical schools; 4) special educational institutions; 5) teacher's institutes, seminaries and schools; 6) female grammar schools, programmar schools and schools.

In grammar schools eight-class training for men and seven-class for women with a year course in each class was necessary. Programmar schools assumed four – six class training for young men and three-class for girls. All grammar schools and programmar schools in territory of Russia opened under the order of the minister of national education. Grammar schools gave the general education with the receipt right in higher educational institutions.

Real schools existing in Russia gave the general education, «adapted for practical requirements and to acquisition of technical knowledge». Training term in such schools made six years, that is six-class formation with a year course in each class.

Technical schools were specialised in preparation of average and lowest degree of technical and craft education, at duration of training in three – for the lowest and four years – for the higher degrees of formation.

It would be desirable to note existence and special educational institutions duration of training in which made from four till seven years – first two years of the person received the general education, and in the subsequent year – special. The given educational institutions carried узконаправленную preparation of persons, for example, miners, deaf-and-dumb etc. (Turin mountain school, the Warsaw institute deaf-and-dumb and blind).

Among average educational institutions teacher's institutes, seminaries and the schools which purpose was preparation of teachers for city schools began to occupy a special place.

The higher step of a Russian education were universities. And all universities were «under special protection of Its Imperial Majesty and were called imperial». Except universities in structure of the higher education, subordinated to the Ministry of national education, existed Demidovsky legal school (in Yaroslavl); philological institutes; Imperial school in memory of cesarevitch Nikolay; technical schools; Archaeological institute; agriculture and forestry Institute in a city of New Alexandria; veterinary institutes.

Besides the Ministry of national education there were also other departments which had a direct bearing on formation. So, for example, under the authority of the Imperial court yard the Imperial academy of arts, painting School, the Penza, Kharkov and Kiev art schools, theatrical schools consisted.

In the Ministry of Trade and the industry educational institutions as regards technical, is art-industrial, craft, mountain, commercial and trading navigation consisted.

Under the authority of the Ministry of Internal Affairs there were medical educational institutions (Imperial institute of experimental medicine, Orthopedic institute, Gynecologic institute, schools medical assistant, dental surgery schools, pharmaceutical schools), and also spiritual educational institutions, musical schools, schools of translators.

The Ministry of Justice has reserved the right to itself conducting concerning schools of jurisprudence, geodetic schools.

Engineering institutes, schools concerned Ministry of Railways; schools of conductors; technical railway schools; river schools.

In St.-Petersburg the almshouse and craft education of children under the beginnings of Office of an almshouse and craft education of children has been formed. The given house was private, charitable establishment and was under the protection of the Emperor. Education and training «to useful knowledge and crafts призреваемых of both sexes without distinction on estates of knowledge and creeds» was its basic purpose.

In land management and agriculture Central administrative board educational institutions in parts agriculture, handicraft industrial and wood consisted.

Private house education has been developed in Russia everywhere, however availability such formations was the privilege of the separate levels of population which had high enough property status.

Questions on national education rose repeatedly as the public, and in state structures. The put education system could give the chance to an education availability of all population of the huge country, however, absence of development of a network of educational institutions, due structure of teachers and their professionalism could not provide idea of public education.

In this connection the government, trying to find implementation ways the yet not developed concept of public literacy, has followed a way of legal reforming of an education system.

Despite objections of separate state structures and currents of the public, a direction in reforming of an education system by the Government of the Russian empire and the Ministry of national education were are taken true.