Экономические науки/14. Экономическая теория

Ph.D. Shurda K.E.

Ukrainian Scientific Center of Ecology of Sea (Odessa), Ukraine

Category “antiresource” in the context of socio-economic and economic-ecological research

The scientific literature has traditionally studied the issue of resources (material, labor, intellectual, natural, etc.) as sources and obtain the necessary prerequisites for the people's material and spiritual goods, which are implemented under existing technological and socio-economic relations. Such sciences as economics and economic geography often explore the resources and conditions as separate categories, for example, using such concepts as climatic conditions, weather-climatic factors. In our opinion, if these concepts are viewed in the context of natural influences and forces the application directly to the physical activity of people in receipt of certain material and spiritual values necessary for people, that weather-climatic conditions and factors can be considered as resources.

However, in real life there are certain conditions and factors, including weather-climate factors, that lead to the destruction of material and spiritual wealth and prevent economic and social, economic, environmental and other progressive development. Such factors and conditions proposed to interpret as antiresources development [1].

It should be noted, that in the course of their life people are often confronted with such phenomena, when, under certain conditions the above resources are transformed, in the “antiresources”, that are able to deliver tangible material, moral and other damages as an individual, and society as a whole.

For example, the weather-climatic factor in favorable conditions is a resource for socio-economic development [2]. Under adverse conditions (abnormal, extreme, and other natural phenomena), this same factor can be a source of destruction of various damages, including associated with death. In these cases, the weather-climatic factor has signs antiresource.

Category “antiresource” the theoretical, methodological and applied aspects poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to examine the problems of antiresource as a theoretical category and a feasibility study of introducing it into the system of economic-ecological concepts and categories.

Resource and antiresource can be viewed on the criterion of value. Resource as a commodity may be in demand only if it is valuable to the target consumer and brings him profit and satisfaction. On the other hand, if a resource at a certain stage of its circulation is impaired, and brings harm to the consumer or to society as a whole, the resource can be interpreted as “antiresource”.

In other words, positive or negative value to the resource should be defined as the ratio between what a consumer can get, and the fact that he loses. That is, the need to evaluate the overall benefit and some costs.

Equation of resource and antiresource can be formulated in a simple formula:

C = V – I = (V_f + V_v) - (I_c + I_e + I_m + I_t) (1)

where C - the value of the resource, V - the benefits of resource use, I - costs, V_f - the functional benefits, V_v - virtual benefits (emotional, aesthetic and otherwise), I_c - cash costs, I_e - energy costs, I_m - material costs, I_t - time costs.

That is, if C ≥ 0 - resource, for C < 0 – antiresource.

Based on these ratios can be adjusted consumer value of the resource being used: to increase its value, reduce costs, and thus, if possible, to avoid a situation “antiresource”. In this case, the control methods of customer value can be quite diverse, in particular by increasing the benefits, reduce costs, increase benefits and reduce costs, etc.

Consider the case of criterial evaluation the resource and antiresource using the method of assessing the incidence, which was used in [3] for the analysis of economic-environmental conflicts in the Black Sea - Azov basin.

Matrix form of assessment incidence properties and relations in the region of study involves the assessment of the incidence elements r_ij, which is estimated to be:

-1 < r_ij < 1, (2)

where: -1 - when the incident is negative,

r_ij = 0 - when the incident is minor,

1 - when the incident is a positive one.

If you enter the total figure: J _ij = r_ij + r_i, (3)

as a generalized incidence rates between the properties P_i and relations Rj, it should be possible to rank the performance J_ij of groups J_ij > 0 and J_ij < 0.

Based on the above case, we can formulate a specific rule of interpretation the generalized system of incidence, which is shown in tab. 1.

Table 1 - Summary assessment of quality incidence in the context of

resource / antiresource of development

№	Quality of incidence	Interpretation of quality incidence
		Interests / threats	Resource / antiresource
1	Positive incidence Jij > 0	interests	resource
2	Negative incidence Jij < 0	threats	antiresource

Thus, the incidence of generalized can talk as:

J_ij > 0 - a resource,

J_ij = 0 - positional resource,

J_ij < 0 - antiresource.

We consider it necessary to make some clarifications regarding the concept of “positional resource”.

From the standpoint of sustainability, any development process is associated with alternation and interaction of stability and instability. In this case, there may be situations balancing stability and instability, i.e. conditions J_ij = 0. This state of the system can be defined as an unstable equilibrium or nonequilibrium resistance [4].

It was presented by us above, the stability of the system - is it a resource for development, and volatility - antiresource.

State of the system at the unstable equilibrium (equilibrium stability), we have defined as “positional resource”. When leaving the state of such an unstable equilibrium, the system may evolve toward the formation of “resource” system or “antiresource” - depending on the vectors of influence.

Factors that increase the instability of the socio-economic systems are linked with disorder development processes (chaos), the incompetence of decision-makers, lack of well-structured goals and strategies, contradictions and conflicts of stakeholders, delayed response to the deviation indicators of processes and etc.

Thus, we examined the category of “antiresource” in terms of classical concept “resource” as a means of inventories, the source of something [5]. This category is used where necessary as a basic element of the production capacity available to the system and used for specific tasks of economic development.

Provided that the disposal system present a factor-a resource, that is detrimental to the system and hinders the economic, social and other of its development, it becomes the essence of the “antiresource”.

Conclusions. In modern scientific literature is almost never used such a concept and category as “antiresource”. This is due to the fact that had not yet formulated a conceptual-categorical nature of antiresource, not established idea of antiresource, he had not yet received general acceptance. However, there is now quite certain conditions and scientific background to speak of the kind of crisis situations in the field “factor - a resource” for economic, environmental, social and otherwise. In this case the classical representation of a resource as a source, the means of production is transformed into an obstacle to the development of production, or becomes a factor in the degradation or destruction of property, utilities, which have been used in the production process. That is, in certain situations, turns into the resource antiresource, which causes the material, moral and other damages to society and individuals. This provision applies fully to antiresources of social development.

Antiresource as a concept and category can be interpreted as follows:

- are any sources, prerequisites, conditions and factors of any barriers, containment, damage, losses in the necessary human, state, society, material and spiritual wealth, and the inability and inappropriateness of their implementation in the situational conditions, existing technologies and socio-economic, political and other relations;

- reducing the system's ability to produce useful work for man and society, as well as reduced ability to give without damage to the environment necessary for the society of the resource.

In terms of general parametric systems theory the antiresource - is a substrate of a system, implemented attributive and relational concepts with positive and negative incidence (positive incidence - a resource, the negative incidence - antiresource).

Literature:

1. Шурда К.Э. «Антиресурс» как новая категория комплексных экономико-экологических исследований и антикризисного управления / Степанов В.Н., Шурда К.Э. – Одесса: Фенікс, 2009. – 50 с.

2. Шурда К.Э. Погодно-климатический ресурс: экономико-экологические проблемы использования и контроля / К.Э.Шурда. – Одесса: Феникс, 2007. – 343 с.

3. Месарович М. Общая теория систем: математические основы / Месарович М., Такахара Я. / Пер. с англ. – М.: Мир, 1978. – 311 с.

4. Кузнецов П.И. Эколого-экономические аспекты дилеммы «Отходы - Ресурс». Микроэкономический уровень / П.И.Кузнецов, В.Т.Панюшкин, С.Н. Трунин // Экономика природопользования. - М.: ВИНИТИ, 2007, № 6. - С. 104-110.

5. Економічна енциклопедія: У 3-х т. / Редкол.: С.В.Мочерний (відп. ред.) та ін. – К.: Видавничий центр «Академія», 2002. – Т.3. – 952 с.