History/ 2. General History

RUSSIAN RESEARCHES ABOUT ACCESSION OF KAZAKHSTAN TO RUSSIA

Koldybaeva S.S., Associate Professor,Ospanova Lyazzat Baltabaevna

Kostanay State University named after A.Baitursynov

The problem of accession of Kazakhstan to Russia, found sufficient reflection in the Russian literature which materials collected gradually in spite of the fact that the history of the Kazakh people was practically not studied by official historical science of pre-revolutionary Russia. servants, publicists, officials of military department, being in Kazakhstan as obliges were engaged in studying of questions of history of Kazakhstan. The materials published by them, sketches, notes, memoirs, etc., in the majority, were not special historical researches. Valuable historiographic source on stories of accession of Younger and Average zhuz to the Russian Empire is P. I. Rychkov's work "Topography of Orenburg". The Russian researcher, claims that, the khan Abulkhair had reasons of the appeal to the government of the Russian Empire for the help which consisted in continuous external threat from Kalmyks and Bashkirs .

From the researchers of the XIX century studying a problem of entry of Kazakhstan into structure of the Russian Empire it is possible to allocate a number of authors. Among them the greatest interest is represented by works A.I. Levshin, V. V. Velyaminov-Zernov, L.L. Meyer, M. I. Krasovsky, M. A. Terentyev, M. I. Venyukov, A.I. Maksheev, A.K. Gaines, etc. The Russian official and the researcher A.I. Levshin gave to the khan Abulkhair the most total political characteristic. A. Levshin, considered that the simple people did not want to leave independence. He considered citizenship as manifestation of personal will of Abulkhair and his zealous adherents cherishing hope "to amplify protection of the powerful power", as induced the khan to obey with "hordes" to the empress Anna.

In works of L.L. Meyer, N. I. Krasovsky, I.M. Kazantsev, I.I. Kraft, A. Yagmin and A.I. Artemyev and other researchers are considered a situation in the Kazakh steppe, political history of the Russian-Kazakh relations. A.N. Dobromyslov, A.N. Maksheev, I. Zavalishin, V. Vitevsky, I.I. Kraft, P. I. Rychkov approved and in general justified actions of the khan Abulkhair during this period of time.

One of important problems, reflection in the Russian historiography of a question of various understanding of nature of citizenship is, from the Kazakh khans and sultans, the imperial government. A. I. Levshin considers that Abulkhair in writing and verbally undertook to protect safety of the Russian borders adjacent to lands of his zhuz; to protect merchant caravans and to accompany them through the Kazakh steppes; to give in case of need a reinforcement for the Russian army, like Bashkirs and Kalmyks; to pay taxes in animal skin. In exchange to the promises, in his opinion of A. I. Levshin, Abulkhair asked about the further statement of khans only from its sort and a city building with a fortress which could be used as a shelter. Russia counted that after citizenship acceptance by the Kazakh zhuz, it will ensure tranquillity of southeast borders, safety to merchant caravans and with it will expand a trade exchange with east markets. As showed further process of events, obligations from the khan, according to A. I. Levshin and other authors were not carried out [3, S.222].

For example S.V.Zhukovsky, it is noted: "But despite the oath of 1734 Kyrgyz in two years started ruining the Russian settlements on the new, just arranged yards line and to these proved that Russia, acceptance in citizenship the Kyrgyz of desirable results did not reach". The author sees the reason of it in lack of necessary preparation, ignorance of customs of new citizens, in use of system to pacify one nationality with assistance of another. As a result of it the Russian government was compelled to conduct continuous fight against Kazakhs and for protection of eastern frontiers to build strengthenings. P.P.Rumyantsev specified that dependence of Kazakhs on Russia was weak during this period, the aspiration to subordinate the Kyrgyz weight to the direct management … owing to this fact is quite clear "there was a thought of destruction of the hansky power and management of Kyrgyz in accordance with general practice with other parts of the empire". In his opinion, only after strengthening of Russians in the steppe and a number of gains, citizenship of Kazakhs becomes real.

Therefore analyzing some works of the Russian historians it is possible to draw a conclusion that many considered that citizenship of Kazakhs in the first decades after its acceptance had nominal character. One more reason of a nominalnost is designated in A. I. Maksheev's work "The historical review of Turkestan and the offensive movement of Russians in it" which considers that it was promoted by the principle to hold Kazakhs in obedience, depending on a situation, favor and gifts or severity and fear. Result was that "that during all past and the beginning present centuries, they only nominally were considered as the Russian citizens, but actually were independent", and Russians, being protected from them with fortresses and troops, could not seem freely in the Kazakh steppes [4, S.98].

So, in the Russian historiography it is possible to allocate some reasons of an initial nominalnost of citizenship of the Kazakh zhuz: lack of necessary preparation in management of new citizens; policy of drain of one nationality with another; deduction in submission of citizens by a coaxing of khans; appointment of khans, contrary to historical tradition of selectivity; absence of knowledge of customs and norms of life; absence of the Russian settled points; extensiveness of edge and remoteness from the center of the mother country.

Analyzing conclusions of the Russian authors, we consider that understanding of nature of citizenship two parties had a miscellaneous. If Kazakhs saw the military ally in Russia, the Russian Empire set a task of colonization of the vast country therefore the Russian researchers, sharply perceive the facts of disobedience of the Kazakh zhuz and try to establish the reasons of it, thus bypass attention the fact not of observance of obligations from imperial administration. By consideration of this problem it would be desirable to pay attention to a question, what benefit for the Russian Empire was brought by accession of new Kazakh territories. In an imperial Russian historiography the opinion that Younger and Average zhuz after acceptance of the Russian citizenship not always satisfied conditions of the oath meets, attacking the Russian border settlements, and khans and sultans even encouraged such actions, probably having from it benefit. However, generally researchers and imperial officials inclined to that acceptance of the Russian citizenship brought only benefit. In particular, N. N. Balkashin noted: "… Kyrgyz represent the Muslim people still peace, but alien to Russia … possession of the Kyrgyz hordes not superfluous for Russia especially as it does not demand from the Russian people of monetary expenses as all management expenses of Kyrgyz, except for the maintenance of army, pays off the state tax collected from them" [5, S.168].

So, it is possible to draw a conclusion that the Russian authors are uniform in opinion on a voluntary nature of adoption of the oath, calling among the reasons which caused the appeal to Russia: external threat, internal political instability and mercenary plans of the khan Abulkhair.

List of references:

1. History of Kazakhstan ( from ancient times to the present day ) . V.3 . - Almaty, 2000 .

2. AN Bukeikhanov Favorites . - Almaty, 1995.

3. AI Levshin Description Kirghiz- Cossack or Kirghiz Kaisak hordes and steppes . (St. Petersburg, 1832) - Almaty , 1996 .

4. Dulatova DI The historiography of the pre-revolutionary Kazakhstan (1861-1917 biennium) . - Almaty, 1984 .

5. Kazakh- Russian relations in the XVI - XVIII century (collection of documents and materials ) . - Almaty, 1961 .