STYLES OF SELF-REGULATION FOR DIFFERENT PERSONALITY TYPOLOGIES
N.S. Zhubanazarova,
The candidate of psychological Sciences, associate professor
G.K.Narege
Teacher of Kazakh
language in M.Dulati college
N.M. Sadykova
The candidate of psychological
Sciences, associate professor
Mombek Togzhan
3 kurs student
Kazakh National University named
after al-Farabi,
Kazakhstan, Almaty
Abstract: The problem of
character of typology is considered, data of long-term researches of individual
styles of self-regulation at the different types of personality accentuations
of character are generalized. Regulator basis and style forming role of subjective
internals of personality (to responsibility, persistence, independence,
flexibility of and other) are described.
It is shown that efficiency of individual self-regulation depends not
only on the type of accentuation, how many from development of personality of
subject internals combination of that is specific for the different types of
character. Besides, the content of that concept includes formal representation
of the relationship that binds the object and the subject of perception. In the
most general terms, we can say that the perception of another person means the
perception of his external features, their correlation with the personal
characteristics of the individual perceived and interpretation on this basis of
his actions.
Key words:
individual self-regulation, line and type, character, individual style, subject
properties.
Among the
various relations that bind the members of a team, especially two major systems
of relationships that are clearly identified: business - relationships that arise between people as
bearers of specific public functions, and personal relationship, formed on the
basis of sympathy or antipathy, attraction or repulsion. These systems are
closely intertwined relationships various interdependencies and mutual
influences, but they can not be identical. Analysis of the content of
communication, a necessary consequence of the analysis of its subject and
object. Existing descriptions of the content is to understand the source of one
of the partners as a subject, and the other as an object: the content of
communication is examined what is in the mind of another, and we are working according to the
separation of the different content areas: informing, persuading or inducing to
action [1].
A
problem of character typology is one of traditional and most debatable problems of psychology. In different periods
of development of science research of typology
both went out on the first plan or exposed to ostracism. At the same
time the presence of psychological types it is impossible to deny, for this
reason at all times there were different and simultaneously elusively their
alike variants. It is enough to remember vitality of hypo rat’s typology of temperament, the grounds of that
only change depending on the level of development of knowledge about nature of man. And confession that types it is
difficult to investigate by virtue of multiplicity of grounds of their
selection and washed out of
phenomenology, does not take off a problem. For this reason today we look after the return of interest in the
problem of typology, to the attempts of
combination of going near research of personality by the analysis of lines and types, for example, of
development of variants of unginian
typologies, widely used by practical psychologists. The problem of combination of typology and
character traits decides the most natural and methodically strict methods in
the factor theories of personality, when lines and types are examined as
factors of different order, describing the different levels of personality
organization qualitatively. In the most known factor theory of G. U.
Aizenko and his followers, as is
generally known, distinguish two basic measuring, having the projections on three different levels: 1). primary reactions, 2). devil, 3). types. It is
possible to argue about a technique at
excretions of levels and their interpretation, but it is impossible not to
confess that idea much.
It is special
obviously at reviewing attempts of
connection of typologies distinguished on different grounds. It is enough to
remember such attempt, undertaken by
G.U Aizenko. In his book "Structure of personality"[1] it is
quite clear possible to see the displays of types at morphological (constitutional)
level. It is possible also to remind the physiological and neuropsysiological
theories of display of temperaments, that once again confirms our idea about
the system of display of typology on the different levels of individuality of
man. And, finally, the psychological
levels of typology are described with the difficult picture of the
hierarchically organized lines heat-sink the typical for individuality methods
of behavior and his adjusting in a norm and pathology.
One of most popular
in practical psychology is a typology
of personality accentuations of character, entered by K. Leongard, used
presently in two values: in the first. as bright expressed of separate line, to
being central for the type of character.
In case of
failure of this subject –object consideration and transition to the the subject-subject consideration
the content of communication
is reduced to some kind of "activity" of a subject, directed at
others, remained with the same subject, without disclosing the specific content
of this activity or with an indication that it is financial activity consisting
in translating information transmitted in a system of signs [2].
It
should be noted. that within the framework of clinical study of accentuation
basic support is however done into "weak places" of character,
assisting forming socially of not acceptable or even pathological forms of
behavior. It is thus underlined that the prognosis of development of
personality depends first of all on biological and environmental influences, unfavorable social terms assist
negative development of personality, and the types of accentuation are
examined nevertheless as problem
characters.
It
appears us, that from position of the subjective going near research of psyche
the problem of character typology can and must be considered differently- from
the point of view of features of development of the realized self-regulation
that we examine as a psychological mechanism of subject activity. The results
of our researches give an opportunity to assert not only that individual
self-regulation allows to control the displays of character, impedimental to
the achievement of the putting aims,
but also that she is related to this. No less important from the point of view
of the individual going near the problems of educating and education there is a
question about reverse influence. It is necessary to understand, in which measure the type of personality
accentuation of character determines the features of individual style and
efficiency of self-regulation of behavior of man in educational and
professional situations. In this article we want to generalize and bring new
results over of our long-term researches of individual styles of
self-regulation for people with different accentuations of characters.
Here
an important
meaning
has a concept
of personal sense, deeply analyzed in the works of A. Leontiev [3]. It is known that, in
addition to the conventional system of values, words, as well as other facts of human
consciousness, have some personal meaning, some special significance, individual for each. Personal
meaning, i.e. special significance for man gets what binds
objectives of the motives of its implementation, what tales his needs. The same
word interaction, circumstance may have
different meanings to different people. Therefore, to communicate the important
role played by the ability to put yourself in someone with whom you
communicate. In other
words, in any communication situation requires "understanding the
situation equally," i.e. understanding of the
strategy and tactics
of a
partner by behavior
for the situation. The strategy and tactics of interaction can only be
developed on the basis of mutual understanding. Moreover, if the interaction
strategy determined to carry out social activities, tactical interaction is
determined by direct presentation of a partner. In the unity of these two moments it is created the real situation of
interaction.
This
principle in relation to the subject of communication, and this activity itself is that the group as a
subject of communication as opposed to certain, isolated individuals who are
subjects of joint activity, not prior to intercourse, but is generated by them. Community of
individuals becomes a group only as a subject of communication, activities directed to the joint activities of
these entities.
Clearly and specifically disclosed in the provision of group theory and
research team, developed under the direction of A. Petrovsky, which is found
mediated social psychological phenomena (interpersonal relations, cohesion, the
development team, value-oriented unity ID) goals, objectives and content of
joint activity [4].
The
psychological impact of the structural unit is a component of communication. According
to its essence, the psychological impact presents the penetration of one person
(or group) in the mind of the other person (or group). The purpose or effect of
this penetration is change, the restructuring of individual or group psychical
phenomena (views, attitudes, motives, rules, states, etc.). The restructuring
of the psyche of personality or mental phenomena of group under the influence
of psychological effects can vary both by latitude of psychic phenomena, and on
the strength of their changes. Thus, with the strength of pedagogical
influences educator may rebuild the pupil's attitude to a certain subject. It
can be said about the broader mental changes when the whole group of psychical
phenomena is being rebuilt, for instance, the emotional sphere of the
individual. Personality changes under the influence of others may be temporary,
transient or stable. Observations show that many people or even most adults
consciously learn from each other's views, estimated judgment and motivation,
which are saved for many years, surviving the numerous trials, and the
vicissitudes of fate.
Then
a question gets up about that, how style of self-regulation is related to the
productive aspects of activity of man.
There
is a classic point of view, that style of activity is always effective, that to
his formed just and the increase of efficiency testifies as a result of being of methods of actions
corresponding to temperament of man. By another character there is business
with styles of self-regulation, being pre-condition of forming of great number
of styles in the concrete types of activity.
As numerous researches showed, than higher degree of the realized
self-regulation and level on that the individual profile of stylish features is
formed, the more effective self-regulation and wider than possibility of
subject for a successful capture by the
new types of activity. Thus, increase of general level of self-regulation- one
of ways of achievement of high efficiency. this way is related already not to
the instrumental side of personality, and with the sphere of personality
orientation and consciousness, development of regulator role of that is, from
our point of view, higher level of development of subject.
However
forming of harmonious styles with high development of regulator all of the
tools- destiny not many. We will
remind that style formative internals for such styles are high responsibility,
confidence, persistence in combination with a subzero anxiety. For example, in
our researches we looked after such styles as the mass phenomenon is only in
sport of higher achievements. Successful and high-professional management and
politicians also often possess such style.
Nevertheless in
most professions and vital situations styles are revealed with accentuated profiles that also allow to lab our for high
efficiency in activity and work out different vital problems. Here- other way of
forming of effective styles : creation of scary relations between the highly
developed and less developed components
of regulator profile, for example ability it is beforehand good to think over
difficult situation or even to create a necessary for gaining end situation
(that testifies to high development of design of meaningful terms) compensates
the lack of ability quickly to change the programs of behavior at the change of
terms. Both ways directed the development of effective
self-regulation styles require a high subjective activity, the development of
(often conscious) of the subjective qualities, which is possible only with high
motivation, and the youth, with support from a teacher or parent. It is interesting that
one way of compensation (not the best, but possible) is to create a regular
"crutch"-one of the transfer of regulatory functions (such as
assistance in the form of full-scale debate in making responsible decisions)
for the subject of an authoritative person. If the degree of subjective
activity is high, even under the most unfavorable in terms of forecasting
performance, the nature of acemutation possible to mobilize all the resources of individual and
on this basis, the formation of highly effective form of self-regulation.
Development
of friendship involves following its unwritten code, asserts the necessity of
understanding, frankness and openness, confidence, active mutual help, mutual
interest in the affairs of another, sincerity and unselfish feelings. The value
of friendship is not only in its self-disclosure, but in the unconditional
acceptance of the other. Thus, to know the mechanism of interaction is
necessary to clarify the intentions, motives, attitudes of one individual,
"superimposed" on the idea of a partner. In other
words, the further analysis of the problem of communication requires more detailed
consideration of how the image of a communication partner, the accuracy of
which depends on collaboration success.
Understanding
of the other person closely linked to the level of its identity. The connection
is twofold: on the one hand, rich representations of himself determines rich understanding of the other person, the
other - the more fully disclosed to any other person, the greater becomes representation
of himself. A similar idea was expressed by L.S. Vygotsky: "Personality is
nothing other than man's consciousness of himself that appears specifically at
this time: new behavior of man becomes for himself". Thus, a man realizes
himself through another person [5]. The analysis of self-awareness through the other has
two sides - identification and reflection. Let's consider these mechanisms.
Identification
is a way of understanding the other person through the conscious or unconscious
assimilation of the subject of his characteristics. The term
"identification" means literally assimilation of himself to another.
In real situations of interaction people use such methods, where the assumption
of the internal state of the communication partner is built on the basis of
trying to put yourself in his place. Thus, the identification serves as one of
the mechanisms of knowledge and understanding of the other person.
Reflection
is another mechanism of understanding of another person. In psychology, a
reflection means acting individual awareness of how it is perceived by partners
in communication, i.e how a partner in communication will understand me. In
this case there would be a kind of doubling as a mirror of each other. People's
perceptions of each other at the same time there is some kind of interaction of
the two participants in this process, and the interaction has two sides: the
assessment of each other and change some characteristics of each other.
In
addition, each participant of communication, evaluating the other tries to
build a certain system of interpretation of his behavior, particularly his
reasons. In everyday life, people usually do not know the true causes of the
behavior of another person in the scarce information on the rank of attribute
to each other the causes of behavior. This attribution of behavior to another
person is called causal attribution.
The formation of
effective styles possible with different typologies of personality and
character accentuation. This provision on various types of activities
(academic, athletic, professional) when considering the different personality
typologies. In terms of effective learning styles (as harmonious as well as
accented ) can be formed among students with different types of accentuation.
Athletes achieve higher results and form effective self-regulation styles
harmonious sports training, regardless of the type of character accentuation.
Policy as an extroverted, introverted type and achieved success in the
elections, provided a high level of individual conscious self-regulation [4].
The study involved 430
people, students of various educational institutions at the age of 16 to 19
years. To diagnose the type of personality accentuation used a
questionnaire-Shmishek, which allows us to define 10 types of personality
accentuation of character: demonstrative, pedantic, get stuck, excitable,
hypertension, anxious, cyclothymiacs, emotive, dysthymic, affective and
excited.
The prevalence of
character accentuations according to different authors vary quite widely, from
60 to 98%. Apparently, the severity of the youth accentuations to a lesser
extent masked by the socialization of the more in adulthood. In any case, our data,
varying degrees of character accentuations were diagnosed among students in 82%
of cases. So, more often these types of personal accentuation: cyclothymiacs,
emotive, less-exalted, and very rarely demonstrative -dysthymic.
To determine the
uniqueness of each type of self-accentuation of personality has been
investigated separately. From the sample results have been excluded subjects
with both high and low values of the general level of
self-regulation, since these characteristics of the subjects of regulation
related to their constitutional type, masked development subjective activation.
Clustering and data were analyzed only those subjects which are indicators of
self-regulation in the area averages and, therefore, manifested most clearly.
It was found that the
profiles obtained for all types of accentuations, have their own specifics to
the development of individual indicators . This specificity has been analyzed
and manifestations of self-regulation styles, isolated previously in our
studies. In this way, we identified were not described, but their personal and
conditions or stylistic features of self-regulation for different types of
character accentuations.
Two types of profiles
corresponding to the operational style varieties (84% of the cases in this
group). Strength of regulation in these profiles is the ability to easily
explore new situations and to make corrections in their actions, and the weak -
to plan their activity goals. Most (66% of cases) found a profile that can be
classified as a prerequisite for persistent style, which is characterized by a
highly developed programming ("lookahead") action against a background
of relatively low monitoring and evaluation of the results.
For getting stuck like
the most characteristic and two profiles (in 93% of cases): the first is a
prerequisite for the formation of style (harmonious development of the middle
tier of programming, simulation and evaluation results with the downward trend
in the planning and assessment results with the downward trend of planning and
higher self-30%), while the second has the features of an autonomous identity
(the same average planning, programming and self-reliance and a tendency to
reduce the modeling of significant conditions, 63%).
In 87% of people emotive,
and 83% of the pedantic types of profiles observed in the responsible
self-regulation style. In cyclothymiacs traits in our sample is dominated by an
autonomous identity (91%) and less operational (7%). For members of the
demonstrative type because of its heterogeneity profile of one of three styles:
more-rapid (34%), less autonomous (21%), and very rarely _ a mixed-operating
autonomously (e.g operative , but with a high autonomy, 17%). In the excitable
type, features mostly independent of style (85%) and less operational (17%).For
the affective-exalted in most cases, the operational characteristic of the
style.
A special place is
occupied by anxious and dysthymic type of accentuation, since the average level
of individual self-regulation in these groups is much lower than the other
typologies. Even the alarm type selected two profiles of self-regulation: In
the first case, the characteristic features of an autonomous identity (81%) at
a low level of independence, in the second line operational style (17%)at a low
level of flexibility. In subjects such as color features of dysthymic autonomous style, combined
with low expression of reliability.
We emphasize that in the
above Research, we did not associate with the accentuation of the personal
efficiency of self-regulation, we have been important as the specific structure
of the profiles of the potential formation of a particular style of self-regulation,
behavior, and life in general.
Let us
note that the term "perception" is not used here in general
psychological meaning. In fact it is not so much about perception, as the
cognition of another person. As one enters into communion always just as an
individual, so he always is perceived as an individual by another man. On the
external side of behavior, we, according to S.L. Rubinstein [6], as if we "read"
the other person, decipher the meaning of the external data. Impressions that
occur in this case play an important regulatory role in communication. In the
course of cognition of another person at the same time exercise emotional
assessment of the other, and try to understand the structure of his actions,
and based on this strategy to its behavior, and building a strategy of his own
behavior.
Literature:
1. Bodalev A.A.
Perception of a man by another man / A.A.Bodalev. - L.: LGU print, 1965-123 p.
2.
Kagan M.S. Human activity: (experiment of system analysis). - Ì. 1974. - 328 p.
3. Leontiev A.N.
Activity, consciousness, personality. - M., 1975. - 304 p.
4. Petrovsky A.V.,
Shpalinsky V.V. Social psychology of a staff. - Ì. 1978. – 175 p.
5.
Vygotsky L.S. Development of higher psychic functions. - Ì. 1960.-206 p.
6. Principles and ways
of development psychology. M. 1959.