Биологические науки/3. Микология и альгология
Doctor
of biological sciences Safonov M.A.
Orenburg
state pedagogical university, Russia
Fungi
on wood of fruit trees in Southern Preurals (Russia)
The important component of gardening system
are the fruit cultures plantations, in the majority dated for vicinities of
settlements. Such dominant fruit arbors, as apple, pear, plum, cherry,
raspberry etc. occupy the significant areas in suburbs of cities. Thus these
plants represents alien element of flora. In Southern Preurals the localities
of indigenous labors of fruit arbors, such as apple, pear, cherry are known, but
however areas occupied by them, essentially concede to the areas of synthetic
stands.
In
the Orenburg region the gardening has an old history and old traditions, in
spite of the fact that the conditions of steppe region are not congenial for growing
and development of many fruit arbors [Chybyliov & etc., 2004].
The
most widespread fruit culture in Russia is the apple. The apples plantations in
Russian Federation occupy about 80 % from the common area of gardens. It
provides its leading role in economy of a gardening of the country [Kashin,
1995]. Thus almost 50 % of the areas of apple plantations occupy the aged and
started gardens described by low productivity and unsatisfactory quality of
fruits [Prykhodko & etc., 2000]. In the Orenburg region the apple also is widespread;
the works on building new and acclimatization of already existing varieties are
constantly conducted. At the same time, many gardeners of the Southern Preurals
poorly update age and varietal composition of plantations; it is a significant
apples stands in areas of the deserted settlements which are not in use,
running wild and degenerate. At the same time these plantations could become a
source of a valuable stuff for carrying out of selection, according to their
ability to tolerate unfavorable conditions of steppe zone without creation of special
measures from the side of man.
We
carried out researches of a species composition of wood-destroying fungi living
on growing, dry arbors and stumps of dominant fruit woody plants, to which,
first of all, concern an apple, plum, cherry.
On
fruit arbors in vicinities of Orenburg, in aged apple gardens in Tjulgan and Buguruslan
districts of the Orenburg region 17 species of wood-destroying fungi concerning
15 genuses and 9 families were marked. The largest families are Bjerkanderaceae and Coriolaceae, which total participation in mykobiota makes 41,2 %.
The
most numerous genus - Trametes,
submitted by 3 kinds. The majority of marked species was revealed on twigs and dry
trees; only 29,4 % of species even of time were marked on growing plants; 47,1
% of species was marked on stumps of fruit arbors.
The majority of the marked species are widespread
on wood of different tree genuses in natural and anthropogenic stands of trees
of region (for example, Irpex lacteus (Fr.:Fr.) Fr., Stereum subtomentosum Pouzar, Schizophyllum commune Fr.: Fr., species of
Trametes). At the same time, on an
old-age apple in Buguruslan district the species Ceriporia purpurea (Fr.)
Donk, earlier marked in range on twigs of pine in forests of
Kwarkeno distirict [Safonov, 1996] was marked. It is circumboreal species invokes
white rot of foliaceous, much less often - conifers in Europe, Asia, Africa and
North America [Ryvarden, Gilbertson, 1993]; the species is widespread, but everywhere
low in quantity [Ryvarden, Johansen, 1980].
One more interesting species was marked on dry apples
- Spongipellis spumeus (Sow.: Fr.) Pat.,
considered as the candidate for including in the regional Red data book
[Safonov, 2003; Ryabinina, Safonov, 2007].
The
greatest interest represents the species marked at the Southern Preurals only
on dry old-age apples in deserted gardens - Sarcodontia
crocea (Fr). Kotlaba. In Europe it meets as a biotroph on apple trees in
parks and gardens [Nikolaeva, 1961; Nordic Macromycetes, 1997], occasionally on
other foliaceous arbors (pear, mountain ash, ash etc.) [Doll, 1981; Larralde,
1994]. The species is widespread enough in Europe, America, however everywhere is
low quantity. In several European countries the species is considered as rare [Kotiranta,
Niemela, 1996].
Also to a number of species, rare
for region, concerns Tyromyces fissilis (Berk. & M.A.Curtis)
Donk. The proximate location of this species to the border of
the Orenburg region is in the Kugarchinskyi district of Bashkortostan [Safonov,
2010]. This fungi lives mainly on alive trees, less often on twigs of Alnus, Betula, Corylus, Fagus, Fraxinus,
Juglans, Malus, Populus, Prunus, Quercus, Salix, Sorbus, Tilia, Ulmus, very
rare on conifers [Ryvarden, Gilbertson, 1994]. It is a pangolarctic species but
everywhere meets incidentally [Ryvarden, Gilbertson, 1994]; in Russia meets in
the European part, on Urals, in Siberia, in Central Asia [Stepanova-Kartavenko,
1967; Mukhin, 1993; Baltaeva, 1993]. In Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden a fungi
considered to a number of endangered species [Rodeliste, 1998; Kotiranta,
Niemela, 1996]; an rare species in Poland [Piatek, 1999].
Thus,
the most part of xylotrophic fingi biota species composition of fruit cultures
of researched area is typical enough for region, the banal, wide spread species
dominate in it. At the same time, the presence of some fruit trees, especially
apples, determines entry of the series of specific species in the in regional
mykobiota, for which their wood is to some extent a substrate preferendum.
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