Aldasheva A.A.
Candidate of history
Myrkassymova G.N.
Master of Arts in
Tourism, Senior Teacher
Kazakh National
Pedagogical University named after Abay
Almaty (Kazakhstan)
Department of Tourism
Modern lines of development of tourism in Kazakhstan
Social and economic conditions of
development of tourism have changed in connection with a general crisis in the
politician, economy and culture. Which have been caused by change of a
socio-historical formation. Under the influence of all set of socio-economic
factors interrelations of the countries, regions and economy branches, economic
relations with the territorial complexes have changed territorially-branch
division of labor, essential value was got by non-productive sphere.
The
economic conditions of ability to live which are the economic base of tourism
have changed, and this business factor has essentially limited participation in
tourism of many social strata. The balance between astronomical and working
hours, defining extraworking hours has changed. Which is possible for immutable
employment and leisure. In a number of departments there were instead of one
annual two truncated holidays during different seasons. Levels of knowledge and
erudition of the population, public health, an urbanization, character of labor
and family-household activity have changed. Simultaneously with it the
turistko-excursion system has changed and has accordingly changed vision of a
situation and prospects. The thesis about successful geographical and
geopolitical position of Kazakhstan which became an ordinary stamp in works of
the authors far from knowledge tourizm of technologies is doubtful. World
practice has proved that high cost of the entry visa reduces quantity of
tourists.
Recommendations
to use for torizm the purposes a medical dirt, mineral sources and other health-sanatorium
resources references on which are a platitude
proceedings, branch researches, public articles are problematic. As a
rule, data such are in researches on the tourist of geography along with medical
characteristics of their useful properties. Thus always there are no research
results of their appeal to Intourists in comparison with for a long time known like
prestige resorts (Karlovy Vary, the Caucasian Mineral waters, Baden-Baden etc.)
At perfectly equipped polyclinics. And also there are no professional
calculations of all necessary infrastructure. Which can be created taking into
account available capacities. And, the vain, the nation-wide requirement for
mass improvement which is caused by difficulties of a transition period is
absolutely ignored and proves to be true both official medical statistics, and
weekly publications the SMI (1)
In
the new concept, be based on entertaining leisure, the important place to the
rest centers is taken away.
However development of
the Kazakhstan centers of leisure shouldn't be limited by modernization of the
former recreation parks, copy the western samples and separate cities. Huge
empty territories in not mastered areas can become the largest and the first in
the world complexes reproducing the lost historical and cultural values: ханские rates, fields of battles, auls, move to a new place on zhailau. One
more problem of the Kazakhstan tourism was advancement in the world market touristic
product. Because of debts against the WTO Kazakhstan didn't participate in the
international tourist fairs. But after its almost full repayment possibility of
visiting of the international exhibitions in Berlin, Moscow, London, Paris,
Tashkent has opened. (2)
Summing
up it is necessary to notice that the tourism history in Kazakhstan consists of
continuous and consecutive numbers of repeating events, as the general history
of tourism and mankind. In any historical interval of time the major criterion
of definition of constantly arising problems is in final a result efficiency of
their decision. Certifying in scientific judgement touristic development and
absence of practical recommendations, nevertheless it is necessary to recognize
backlog that administrative and legal reaction promotes touristic progress.
Tourism as a part of universal culture is included into sphere of professional
interests of many special disciplines and thereof can't in exclusive conducting
geography or economy and pedagogical geography, or any other group of
discipline.
The analysis the tourist
of the activity, made in the given research, shows that tourizm isn't limited
to sphere of sports tourism, the pedestrian campaigns and mountain ascensions,
and presented by variety of transport travel in concrete historical, economic,
ideological, legal, technical, geography literature expression.
Studying by the tourist
of activity shows that except Komsomol and state systems touristic the
organizations the international tourism, were engaged 10 earlier the groups not
established by researchers touristic establishments and the enterprises. Kaztoursovet
and Kazsovprof in system of trade-union tourism, republican club of climbers,
Committee on physical culture and sports at Ministerial council KazSSR, the
Kazakh society of friendship and a cultural contact with foreign countries,
airline "Aeroflot", the joint Soviet-foreign enterprises, cooperative
societies and small enterprises. The inconsistency of opinion on the state
monopoly for tourism from this follows. (3)
Uniform
development of world and Kazakhstan tourism is established from presence general
forms, methods and the maintenance the tourist of activity: individual and
group rounds, transport tourism with use a gift and camp sites,
cultural-informative and other kinds of tourism, advancement on the market of a
tourist product by advertizing, exhibitions and other actions, the public and
state tourist's organizations, transpot the branch tourist's organizations,
joint-stock companies, the enterprises with the mixed foreign and domestic
capital, branches abroad, the private and governmental enterprises, legal base,
ideological maintenance, tourist resources in the form of historical and
cultural, natural, industrial, medical and other objects. Their generality is established
for the different historical periods and the countries.
Proceeding
from domination of the transport travel having economic-financial indicators
and several times much more quantity of routes, the natural conclusion about
unreasonable representation of history of the Kazakhstan tourism in modern
researches as follows history basically mountain ascensions, the pedestrian
campaigns and sports tourism.
Specificity
of the Kazakhstan international tourism consists in active use of
organizational and is material-financial possibilities public (trade-union and
Komsomol the organizations, societies of friendship and a cultural contact with
foreign countries) the organizations in Kazakhstan and their analogs abroad, in
use of tourist potential for needs of defense of the state and in
agitator-propaganda the purposes for strengthening of the international
authority of Kazakhstan, in use безвалютной
and barter forms of a tourist exchange in the limited currency possibilities,
in historical attachment of geography of tourism to routes and and to
cultural-historical monuments of the Silk way.
The
analysis of development of scientific and study-methodical base of the
international tourism in 1990-2000 Shows its backlog from the increased
requirements for training of qualification of tourist workers of various
specialities. In economic, geographical and pedagogical works of this period
and the next years not uze economic indicators on transport to kinds of travel,
own and rented hotel-transport base for the characteristic of the facts, the
phenomena and processes in tourist sphere, aren't offered new routes and
technologies in planning, the organization and carrying out of the travel, new
techniques of training on a wide spectrum of tourism specialities.
For
ten years, passed since the declaration Kazakhstan of the sovereignty, had been
carried out a complex of the governmental and international actions directed on
realization of the project of UNESCO and the WTO on development of tourism
infrastructure on the Silk way.
Obvious
priorities of economic development of new capital of Astana and oil-extracting
areas of the Western Kazakhstan have caused so obvious indicators of the
accelerated tourist development in comparison with the central, northern and
some southern regions of Kazakhstan.
Summing
up, it is necessary to notice that only use of strict methods of a historical
science has allowed to reveal the basic laws of tourist development and to
reconstruct a full and complete picture of the Kazakhstan tourism. The circle
of questions, documentary sources, the historical periods for the subsequent
researches of history of tourism in Kazakhstan is simultaneously certain.
THE LIST OF THE USED SOURCES:
1. Dvornichenko
V.V.Razvitie of tourism in the USSR (1917-1983). Moscow, 2000
Nemoljaeva M. E,
Hodorkov L.F. International tourism: yesterday, today, tomorrow, Moscow, 2008,
176 with.
2. Barchukova N.S. International
cooperation of the states in the field of tourism, Moscow, 2007, С.25.
3. Dolmatov of M.
Foreign tourism of the Soviet trade unions: a reality and perspectives, Moscow,
2001, With. 112 .