Zhumanova A.Z.

Republic of Kazakhstan, Karaganda State University

named after E.A. Buketov

National language policy in the years of reorganization

(1985-1991 years)

In the 1980-s. out research showing stability in the ethnic and cultural features of the spiritual and material life of ethnic groups [1]. "Results ethno-sociological study of published in the book "Social and cultural face of Soviet nations" [2] showed a paradigm shift in the educational and cultural landscape of the Soviet people, the growth of ethnic consciousness and the active role of culture in the process. Study of the problems of the national culture require strengthening multidisciplinary scientific research, which would greatly expand our understanding of the historical dynamics of the national cultures of the peoples of the USSR.

However, international experience of scientific understanding of the problems of the national saving ratio of traditional and international-modern (the interaction of traditional culture and modernization) in the pages of scientific journals, with a few exceptions [3], are not reflected.

Despite the nuances of Western scholars world all share the recognition indisputable values of every culture the article says. In our view, apparently, the direction of the research in the search should be considering not only the "survival" of the traditional culture, but also its capacity, which is influenced by the process of modernization. The modernization process should not be viewed as a simple mechanical transfer and assimilation of finished models, but as a process of transformation and cultural development of the new conditions for local historical and cultural traditions, and modern problems of socio-economic and cultural development.

Culture-shift seems to follow in the disclosure of certain cultures, and this B.Uspenskij Yu.Lotman as "hereditary memory of the collective", which plays a regulatory role in relation to individual and collective behavior. Culture as a system of prohibitions and restrictions sequencing social reality.

Of interest is the problem of the role of culture as a factor in the preservation and formation of an ethnic group. Non-inherited genetically, culture, however, thanks to the channels of social heredity, passed from generation to generation has a large margin of safety and, therefore, is the most conservative, stable, so-called ethnic information. It is through culture, ethnicity persists even in the absence of its other important characters.

During reorganization publicists, ideologues of the national movements began to talk about the issues of the national language policy in the Soviet period. In this case, scientists and historians sociolinguists, decades writing about the "prime of Languages", "triumph of Lenin's national policy", "timely transfer to the Latin alphabet, and then Russian script" were in some confusion. Few publications have appeared in which scientists, experts convincingly expounded language policy of power, far different in different periods for 74 year [4]. Publicists and ideologues of the national movements discussed this policy without any differentiation, mainly as a policy of the national language of oppression caused by the ill-will of the rulers, surpassed by the degree of planting of Russian pre-revolutionary power. Causes of many of these views, the facts supporting their lot, but still, it should be noted that it is necessary to abandon the emotions and conditions, and on the basis of analysis to address the problem of historical evolution of the national language policy, the ratio of the objective and subjective sides in the assessment. At the present time, when the neighboring Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, as well as in Azerbaijan caught translation writing in Latin script, and Kazakhstan discussed the issue of transition to the Latin alphabet, the history of translation from the Arabic alphabet to the Latin graphics framework, and then in Russian, cause great interest the scientific community and the general public.

Kazakh historiography passively responded to these challenges in the years of reorganization. Double translation Kazakhs in writing before the war, had a negative impact on the continuity of cultural and historical tradition, occasionally the target of scientific analysis. Scientific Periodicals and journalism more actively discussed the postwar period, the period of development of virgin and fallow lands, in areas where the virgin lands were closed more than 700 schools in the Kazakh language. Later this figure was rised[5] but further publications that issue was not received. The problem of reducing the number of Kazakh schools in 1950-1960-ies was another topic related more topical issue, namely, the estimates from the reign of Nikita Khrushchev country. For Kazakhstan this period was not only a period of development of virgin lands. During the administration of the country Khrushchev number of territories in the south of Kazakhstan was transferred to the neighboring Uzbekistan, have been prepared of the transfer of oil and gas regions in the west to the neighboring Astrakhan Region. And a reform of administrative division in the organization of the economic councils, plans redrawing boundaries due to the formation of Virgin Territory.

Leaders and intellectuals of the republic were terrified by the consequences of Khrushchev's statements "a growing desire to master the non-Russian peoples of the Russian language, which almost became the second native language of the peoples of the USSR", "The sooner we all talk in Russian, the faster build communism"[6]. Against the background of such publications resonance problems of the national language policy of the pre-war period, when the state policy in this area has undergone the greatest change, and laid the foundation for its further operation, and went to a secondary plan.

Meanwhile, Kazakhstan's historiography of the problem for many years maintained a "timely translation of the Kazakh alphabet based on the Latin", "Latin script was more modern than the Arab," it is "to undermine the influence of the Muslim clergy and bourgeois nationalists in the culture," and "Russian alphabet more in the nature of the Kazakh language"[7].

The reform of graphs considered in Kazakh historiography in general works on the history of cultural building[8]. For all of this work is characterized by one thing in common - the desire to prove the authors of progressive reforms, "the unification of the virtually graphics, and show the progressive development of" socialist national culture "based on the unification of the"[9] - notes T.Yu.Krasovitskaya. Unilateral apologetic approach to the national language policy in the historiography has led to a neglect of the political struggle over the basic directions of modernization graphic letters.

In 1931, when opponents of romanization in Kazakhstan have already been arrested in Slovakia and construction of the White Sea Canal - were known as the "Arabists" (A.I.Solzhenitsin), in the collection "For the Marxist linguistics" E.D.Polivanov paid attention to conflict nature of the transition from the Arabic script to the Latin alphabet in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. In his opinion, it was not due to internal needs, "without a push from the outside, without the example and call of other nationalities (and especially Azerbaijan) in Kazakhstan would not be sufficient moment to replace his letter Latin. Hence it is clear by the fact that even after the historic decision of the Congress in 1926 in Kazakhstan (and Kyrgyzstan) found strong opposition to the romanization and it is headed by the active members of the previous reforms (Muslim graphics). Similarly, due to the fact that the second center antilatin opposition (and, perhaps, even more powerful) was the Kazan "[10].

With two major periods in the national language sphere we have mentioned, it should probably be noted and the period of the adjustment. In these years, linguistic heritage, along with cultural heritage and historical memory of the national state were the main driving forces of the national and cultural renaissance. Linguistic heritage were a number of these threads, apparently another reason that in 1970 - th. in any country not taken any decision on improving the teaching of the mother language in schools. But it was made a lot of decisions to improve the teaching of the Russian language. For example, in the Central Committee and approved by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (April 1984) Guidelines for the reform of general education and vocational schools stated that "fluent Russian should become the norm for young people graduating from secondary schools". The year before, in May 1983, the Politburo specifically addressed the issue of additional measures for the study of the Russian language. It is obvious that the "push" political orientation in respect of the Russian language has not only a positive result (a second language as a language of international communication), but the negative social and psychological effects. All those years of study noted the fact that the national identity of the country most often based on their native language, and then in the culture of identity and community of the past.

Thus, Kazakhstan's national historiography and language problems in need of radical revision of all its problems, rejection of apologetic assessments. Publication requires more work, which will create the necessary and sufficient set of sources on the topic.

Of considerable interest is the study of the historical dynamics of the number of carriers of the Kazakh language. Fruitful line may be the use of computer databases and quantitative methods in data processing Soviet census in 1926, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979 and 1989. Soviet census data recorded important sections of social and cultural dynamics of Kazakh society in the years of the policy of indigenization, the national language of construction.

In reviewing all the steps needed national language policy as a pre-war and post-war periods. For multi-ethnic society, these issues are important in determining the ways and methods of cross-cultural interaction and preserve ethnic and cultural identity.

Literature:

1. Harutyunyan Y. Development of social and professional structure and stability of ethno cultural features of Soviet society // Soviet culture. 70 years of development. On the 80th anniversary of academician M.P.Kima. M. "Science." 1987. Pages 230-236; Drobizheva LM Culture and identity. // pages 237-244.

2. The socio-cultural aspect of Soviet nations: According to a study ethno sociological. M. "Science" .1986.

3. Interaction between traditional cultures and modernization / / Peoples of Asia and Afriki.1977. Number 1.

4. Alpatov VM Language Policy in the Soviet Union in 20-30 years: Utopia and Reality. // Vostok.1993. № 5 Pages 113-127.

5. Abzhanov X. "Blank spots" cultural construction / / Kazak Tarija. 1993. № 3, Pages 47-50.

6. Questions of Party History. 1990. Number Z. page 96.

7. RB Suleimenov Lenin's ideas of the Cultural Revolution and its implementation in Kazakhstan (The historical experience of socialist culture of the people, passed the stage of capitalism). Alma-Ata. "Science". 1972. p. 365.

8. History of the Soviet school in Kazakhstan. Alma-Ata. Kazakh state pedagogical publisher

9. Kanapin A. Yandarov A. Rise of Kazakh people of Alma-Ata. "Kazakhstan". 1977.

10. Krasovitskaya T. Modernization of Russia. National cultural policy of 20th. M. "Science" .1998. p. 354. Quoted by Krasovitskaya T. Specify the work. Pages 364-365