Azhmuhambetov
A.C.
Kostanay state
university by A.Baytursinov,
2nd course of
student economical faculties
Kayyrbaeva G.K.
Kostanay state
university by A.Baytursinov,
Senior teacher
The banking
system of Kazakhstan
New Kazakh banking system, despite the short
history existence, has evolved quite rapidly, and therefore seems urgent
consideration of the current stages of development of the banking system of
Kazakhstan and its modern characteristics. New Kazakh banking system, despite
the short history existence, has evolved quite rapidly and therefore seems
urgent consideration of the current stages of development of the banking system
of Kazakhstan and its modern characteristics.
During the Soviet era, Kazakhstan had its banking system, as the
republic operated branches and departments of the central credit system of the
USSR. In this regard, the history of the banking system is inextricably linked
with the history of the USSR and the pre-revolutionary Russia. In the banking
system consisted of tsarist Russia: State Bank joint-stock banks, mutual credit
societies, city banks, mortgage banks and other lending institutions.
During the transition of Kazakhstan's economy to a market economy
required a fundamentally different transitions to the control of credit and
construction mechanism of banking service activities, the use of economic
methods of management of the company and banks, restructuring of the
relationship between both banks and their customers, and within the bank itself
system - between its individual links, need to reform the banking system to new
developments and processes.
After receiving sovereignty in December 1990
Kazakhstan immediately began to create its own banking system that meets the
requirements of market economy. In January 1991,
the Law "On Banks and Banking Activities in the Kazakh
SSR", which was essentially the beginning of the
banking reform and the creation of a two-tier banking system in the country.
Republican State Bank was transformed into the National Bank of the Republic of
Kazakhstan.
The Republic of Kazakhstan has a two-tier banking system. National Bank
of Kazakhstan (hereinafter - the National Bank) is the central bank of the
Republic of Kazakhstan and is the top (first) level of the banking system of
the Republic of Kazakhstan. All other banks are lower (second) level of the
banking system except for the Development Bank of Kazakhstan, having a special
legal status. National Bank is, within its competence, Kazakhstan's interests
in relations with central banks and banks of other countries, international
banks and other financial organizations. April 14, 1993 adopted the Law
"On Banks in the Republic of Kazakhstan". Currently, the Law of the
Republic of Kazakhstan "On the National Bank of the Republic of
Kazakhstan" dated March 30 the 1995 № 2155 [1].
The main purpose of the adoption of the Decree "On the National
Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan" was a better reflection of the role of
the National Bank in the implementation of monetary policy and the adaptation
of the law to international standards. Lack statutory accountability mechanism
to the President of the National Bank of Kazakhstan and the highest
representative body of the republic, cause problems in law enforcement, in
connection with which the Decree "On the National Bank of the Republic of
Kazakhstan" clearly and fully set forth the procedure for interaction with
the President of the National Bank and the Parliament. In particular, the National
Bank of defined accountability only to the President of the Republic of
Kazakhstan, with the consent of and on behalf of which can be checked by the
National Bank.
Decree "On Banks and Banking Activities in the Republic of
Kazakhstan" has significant differences from the old Law "On Banks in
the Republic of Kazakhstan": defines the types of commercial banks -
public, deposit, investment, foreign-owned banks, interstate banks, all banks
except government, created only in the form of joint stock companies; allowed
the establishment of associations (unions) banks; first given concept nonbank
financial institution that is not a "bank", but based on the license
of the National Bank is authorized to carry out certain types of banking
operations, more detailed and explicit in order establishment, reorganization
and liquidation of banks, introduced a new concept - "conservation
bank", which is a holding by the decision of the National Bank of coercive
measures and procedures in relation to the restoration of the bank 's financial
position and improve the quality of work, there are new types of banking
operations - clearing, Lombard, the issue of payment cards and others
establishes certain requirements for employees holding senior positions in the
bank; ban on concessional terms to persons related to the bank by special
relations [2].
The organizational structure of the National Bank consists of a central
office, the Board of Directors, the Board and representative offices in Moscow,
16 regional branches, cash operations center and valuables, as well as 10
companies and subsidiaries. They include: Kazakhstan interbank settlement
center NBK Bank Service Bureau, Kazakhstan Mint NBK, NBK Banknote Factory,
Kazakhstan Deposit Insurance Fund, Kazakhstan Actuarial Center, Insurance
Indemnity Guarantee Fund, Accumulative Pension Fund "GNPF" Reserve
Center NSC «Q-BRO», Master's program MBA.
The supreme governing body of the National Bank Board is headed by the
chairman of the National Bank. The Board consists of 9 members a chairman, four
officials of the National Bank, Chairman of the Agency on regulation and
supervision of financial market and financial organizations, one representative
of the President and two representatives from the government. The
main objective of the National Bank is to ensure price stability in the
Republic of Kazakhstan. To accomplish the main goal, the
National Bank shall have the following tasks:
- development an dimplementation of monetary policy of
the state;
- ensuring the functioning of payment systems;
- implementation of currency regulation and currency
control;
- promoting financial system stability.
National Bank in accordance with the tasks
assigned to it performs the following functions [4]:
- implementation of the state of monetary policy
in the Republic of Kazakhstan;
- implementation issue banknotes and coins in
the Republic of Kazakhstan;
- to function as a bank of banks;
- to function as a bank, financial advisor,
agent of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and other services to the
Government and other public oldies in agreement with them;
- organization of the functioning of payment
systems;
- implementation of currency regulation and
currency control in the Republic of Kazakhstan;
- management of gold assets of the National
Bank;
- monitoring and supervision of financial
institutions, as well as regulation of their activities on issues related to
the competence of the National Bank and others;
- trust management by the National Fund of the
Republic of Kazakhstan.
National Bank - the only state entity with the
right to issue banknotes emission in the country, the only legal tender.
National Bank establishes the procedure for determining the exchange rate of
the RK to monetary units of foreign states.
At present, the structure of commercial banks in Kazakhstan presented 36
banks [3]. Basis of Kazakhstan's
banking system is currently an oligopoly of three commercial banks: JSC
"Kazcommercebank", JSC "BTA Bank" JSC and "Halyk Bank
of Kazakhstan". These three banks are so large that each of a size
comparable to the other banks in the country combined. So, these three banks
have 58% of banking assets of the republic, 60% of loans, 63% of deposits. In
the "Big Three", a very small number of medium-sized banks, several
banks, which are calculated institutions industrial companies, most small
banks, which have been preserved the first half of the 90s, the state - 2 and
with foreign participation (including subsidiary banks and banks -
non-residents of the Republic of Kazakhstan) – 17 [5].
In this regard, we can expect the onset of the next stage of development
of the banking system, which, in our opinion, will be associated with the
liberalization of the banking legislation allows one to create new banking
institutions, as well as yield powerful international financial institutions on
the market of Kazakhstan. These changes will create a competitive banking
system, destroy modern monopoly of the three banks that ultimately affect the
charity's financial market as a whole.
The modern banking system - is the sphere of diverse traditional and
nontraditional services provided to customers.
Literature:
1. Сейткасимов Г.С.
Банковское дело. – Астана: КазУЭФиМТ: ИПЦ, 2007. – 640с.
2. Указание ЦБР № 1759 – У от
12.12.2006г. «О порядке формирования кредитными организациями резервов на
возможные потери по ссудам»
3. Рэнкинг банков Казахстана
на 01.07.2013г. Аналитическая служба Рейтингового Агентства РФЦА
4. Альянс банк: www procredit. кz/ alyanskredit-exspress
5.http://prodengi.kz/publikacii/interesnye_bezzalogovye_kredity_oni_suwestvuyut/