Muratova D. D.
the teacher of chair of finance and banking
of Kostanay state university to them A. Baytursynov
ROLE OF BANKS OF THE SECOND LEVEL IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
The economic reform carried out in the country opened a new stage in
banking development. Special relevance in the conditions of transition to the
market is gained by questions of prospects of development of banks and other
credit institutes in our country, its practical realization. The solution of an
objective possibly only on the basis of studying of practical judgment of
functioning Kazakhstan, and also foreign banks and introduction of the most
progressive, rational forms and work methods in practice. In recent years there
is a rough process of formation of the financial markets – the monetary market
and the market of the capitals. Investments – investments of capital for the
purpose of obtaining the income. Forms of investment of savings can be various:
direct investment of capital in production and indirect when between owners of
savings and their final "consumption" these or those financial
intermediaries act. It is important that, eventually, invested funds acted as
the factor promoting development of production and improvement of economy [1,
page 14]. Performance of bank operations with wide clients – important feature
of modern bank activity worldwide,
having the developed credit system.
It is known that leading commercial banks of Kazakhstan seek to carry
out a wide range of operations and services for the clients to expand the
profitable base, to increase profitability and competitiveness. It is thus
important to mean that development of bank activity assumes granting banking
services with the minimum expenses for clients and the bank, use of the
acceptable service prices, necessary for clients. The effective flexible system
of bank operations with wide clients can and has to promote mobilization of
domestic savings. The flexible bank service, capable to react to being formed
requirements of changing economy is of particular importance in this regard.
The competition in the market of banking services also influences quantitative
and qualitative characteristics of bank service [1, page 15]. On a row with
performance of traditional banking services to the population – attraction of
financial resources in deposits, providing loans and implementation of
settlement and cash service of the population – modern bank institutes in our
country start carrying out also electronic services, market researches by
request of clients, currency transactions, other services, including trust,
directory consulting, share and others. Value of activization of a role of the
banks serving the population, consists in that at the smallest expenses to
assist the maximum effect, the fullest requirements satisfaction of clients in
bank service, to improvement of quality of bank service of individuals,
expansion of a range of banking services and decrease in their prime cost.
All banks functioning in Kazakhstan, except the RK National bank,
represent the second level of a banking system and therefore received the name
"banks of the second level" [2]. Legal basis of activity of banks of
the second Law "About Banks and Bank Activity in the Republic of
Kazakhstan" level of August 31, 1995 No. 2443 [3].
According to the Law the bank of the second level in Kazakhstan is the
legal entity who is carrying out irrespective of property, commercial activity,
a main which objective of functioning – receiving profit. The subsidiary banks,
branches and representations both in the territory of Kazakhstan, and beyond
its limits have the right to open jars of the second level. Activity of banks
is regulated by the Constitution and the Legislation of the Republic of
Kazakhstan, and also RK National bank regulations.
The essence of activity of banks is shown in performance of certain
functions by them which distinguish them from other bodies. The banking service
can be characterized as performance by bank of certain actions in interests of
clients. At the heart of any banking product need of satisfaction of any
requirement lies. Attraction of deposits and providing loans still belong to
the main traditional services now. From a difference as a percentage on these
services banks also receive the greatest mass of profit. However even only
within these two services the set of the most various forms of banking products
can be developed. Today universal banks offer the wide number of products
covering practically all aspects of bank activity and financial services. At
the same time other banks for a gain and strong deduction of competitive advantage
seek to specialize on rendering strictly certain types of service [4, page 27].
The network of commercial banks promotes formation of the monetary market which
economic basis is existence of temporarily available funds at the legal entity
and individual, and also the states and their use on their satisfaction on
satisfaction of short-term requirements of economy and the population.
Commercial banks practically are engaged in all types of the credit, settlement
and financial operations connected with service of economic activity of the
clients. Other important function of commercial banks is mediation in the
credit. The direct credit relations between owners of free money and borrowers
are interfered not by a sovladeniye of volume of the capital offered in the
loan, with need for it, and also the term of release of the capital with the
term for which it is necessary to the borrower. Direct credit connections
between owners of the capital and borrowers are complicated also by risk of
insolvency of the last. The owner of the capital can not have information on a
financial position of the borrower. Commercial banks, acting as financial
intermediaries, eliminate these difficulties. The bank credits go to various
sectors of economy, provide production expansion. The stable economy cannot
exist without the organized and debugged system of monetary calculations. From
here the role of banks in carrying out calculations and payments is of great
importance. The main part of calculations between the enterprises is carried
out by a non-cash way. Banks, acting as the intermediary in payments, carry out
calculations for an order of clients, accept money for accounts and keep
account of all monetary receipts and deliveries. Centralization of payments in
banks promotes reduction of distribution costs, and for acceleration of
calculations and increase of reliability of payments electronic systems of
calculations [4, page 31] take root. Special function of commercial banks is
their ability to create or destroy money, that is to increase or reduce
monetary weight. Creation of means of payment is directly connected with
deposit and credit activity of banks. The deposit can be created by two ways:
entering by the client of cash into bank or delivery to the borrower of the credit.
Thus specified operations by various image influence the volume of monetary
weight in the address. However banks are capable not only to create, but also
to destroy money. It is possible at repayment by borrowers of the credits by
write-off of money from their deposit accounts. In this case the general
monetary weight in economy is reduced. With demand for the credit the modern
issue mechanism allows to expand borders of money issue that is confirmed by
growth of monetary weight in industrialized countries. But the economy needs
optimum, instead of excessive quantity of money in circulation therefore
commercial banks work within restrictions (obligatory reserves), established by
central banks. In the conditions of market economy all operations made by banks
of the second level can conditionally be divided into three primary groups:
passive operations (attraction of financial resources); active operations
(investment of funds); active and passive operations (intermediary and other
services) [5, page 77]. Thus, today, in the conditions of development commodity
and formation of the financial market, the structure of a banking system
sharply changes. Appear
new types of the monetary institutions, new credit tools and
methods customer service. There is a search the optimally of forms of the structure of credit system,
effectively work mechanism in the
market of the capitals, new methods of service of commercial structures. Creation
of steady, flexible and effective bank
infrastructure - one of the most important problems of economy reform in
Kazakhstan. The task becomes complicated that except purely economic
difficulties the social are added. Radically all system of the relations in the
banking sector, the principles of connection
of banks and their clients has to change, it is necessary to change
psychology of the banker, to bring up the new bank worker – well educated,
thinking, initiative and ready to take the considered and weighed risk. It
takes time. It is necessary, by thoughtful studying of foreign practice, to
restore the lost rational principles of functioning of the credit institution , accepted in the civilized
world and leaning on many centuries
experience of market financial structures.
THE LIST OF THE USED LITERATURE:
1 .
Saniyev M. C .
Money, credit, banks: The
textbook / Under the editorship of the professional. – Alma-Ata: Almaty
commercial institute, 2000.
2
. The law "About National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan" of
March 30, 1995.
3 .
The law "About Banks and Bank Activity in the Republic of
Kazakhstan" of August 31, 1995.
4 .
Seytkasimov G. C .
Money, credit, banks: The
textbook / Under the editorship of the professional. – Alma-Ata: Economy, 1996.
5
. The bank environment in RK//"The businessman and the right". No. 12
(73), May, 2007.