TRANSLATION AS ONE OF FORMS OF LITERARY INTERRELATIONS

A.Makibayeva, Z.Khamzina

Kazakhstan, Astana

Translation is one of the cardinal factors of interrelation and mutual enrichment of literatures. Translation today is considered as one of the basic forms of literary interrelations between people. Translation, especially art, - many-sided and multicomplex phenomenon irrespective of ethnocultural features of these or those people. The question of Goethe’s works translation into Kazakh language has been investigated by translators of different epoch.

In this connection it would be expedient to lay down the aim, to investigate lexical, grammatical and stylistic features of the given translations. However, within the limits of one clause it is impossible to make it, therefore the purpose of the given research is revealing of lexical features (transformations) of translations of some Goethe’s works. Goethe's most popular works and their translations into Kazakh language are the research materials of the given clause.

M. Kurmanov’s translations are straight lines: from German into Kazakh language, M.Zhumabaev and K.Bekkhozhin have taken advantage of the intermediary language - Russian and translated Goethe's works from Russian into Kazakh language. Lexical transformations are applied while translating in the initial text there is non-standard language unit at a level of a word, for example, any proper name, a reality inherent in initial language culture and absent in translating language; the term in this or that professional area. Formal (a transcription and transliteration, tracing, etc.) (on V. S.Vinogradov) [5] lexico-semantic replacements (a concrete definition, generalization, modulation or semantic development) (on Ya.I.Retsker) [6] is accepted to consider as the lexical receptions of translation.

The role of the translation literature in a spiritual life of a society is high. Mastering experience of the advanced foreign literatures takes place also. At all times, cultural layers of a society searched for the samples for moral behavior, formation of ideological views and aesthetic tastes in the translation literature, the information about the life new for them. Sometimes translational works were considered as original that could result and led to erroneous conclusions and statements. Even there is an opinion, that the establishment of a foreign source is excessive in general, as anonymously translated work quite corresponded to the views of translator and his audience.

Great Abai is undoubtedly one of the translational school founders in Kazakhstan - the ingenious master of a word, the poet, the thinker, the unsurpassed translator of Russian and foreign classical literature. A reconstruction of Pushkin, Lermontov's works have appeared close to his idea and mood. Classic of Kazakh literature heard echoes of his meditations and doubts in the works of Russian poets, found samples of civil pathos. It explains high poetic skill of Abai’s translations which does not concede the original, have kept spirit, ideas, thoughts of great Russian poets. Abai’s translational activity in many respects promoted to the spiritual and cultural rapprochement of Russian and Kazakh people.

In 20-30-th of the twentieth century interest of Kazakh poets to German poetry has increased. Magzhan Zhumabaev was the supporter of East and European cultures dialogue. He has translated into Kazakh language the works of Goethe, Heine. Magzhan Zhumabaev translated («Orman patshasy", "Airyldym senen, Zhan saulem») of Goethe, («Eki betin, sulu kyz ») of Heine. While translating «Wood tsar» Magzhan Zhumabayev leaned on Zhukovsky’s Russian translation. «Wood tsar» - the work, characteristic for Goethe's creativity by its symbolic-mythological orientation. It is possible to consider that it is one of steps on early approaches, to Goethe's central work "Faust" under which he worked almost all life, translated into Kazakh language by Medeubai Kurmanov directly from German language into Kazakh. In Magzhan’s translation a distortion of the maintenance and an independent innovation is not observed. On the basis of Zhukovsky’s translation the poet has translated Goethe's ballads into Kazakh language more authentically, characterized beautiful silhouettes by advantageous words and has filled up the world literature with a new work. A little bit deviates from Zhukovsky’s lexicon translation, but from the point of view of Kazakh poetry the poet used fully an amphibrach rhythmic changes applied by Russian classic and has adapted a verse in the familiar 7-8 links forms for Kazakh readers [2].

Thus, Magzhan in each couplet wedged by force 2-3 words to eliminate divergences in the original and translation. In art of translation such method meets since olden times, as in different languages measurement of the rhythm, expression of sounding not always corresponds to each other. The poet-translator from the very beginning searches for the form - the synonyms corresponding to the nature of the original with what the translation begins. Measurements of a verse correspond to the nature and an aesthetics of national poetry «it is easy in language, warmly to heart». Magzhan was that person who has picked up the poetic relay race which has dropped out of Abai’s hands. He has stated an idea that the youth thirsts to continue Abai’s poetry and life. Research pathos of Zhumbaev’s creativity clearly appears from his creative practice. Young Goethe (of romantic period), Heine, Zhukovsky, Fet («Whisper, shy breath»), Lermontov, Gorky’s romantic works - are masterpieces of romanticism in the world literature. They prove that Zhumabaev was interested in genesis of romanticism. Having compared with the actually lyrical poetry of Magzhan with his translations, it is possible to tell, that he is considered to be the predecessor of symbolism in the world romantic school.

Kalizhan Bekkhozhin has addressed again to «Wood tsar» approximately in 60 years. Both of translations have managed to keep ideologically-aesthetic features of a ballad though have not avoided some literalism and approximations while translating. However it is important that Kazakh readers have apprehended the ballad on the native language with a great interest. In K.Bekkhozhin's translation the basic maintenance, idea of work is given correctly. But, as M.Kurmanov specifies, here in translation some significant features have dropped out of a field of vision. It is connected with the style inherent in the author. In each couplet of Goethe verse, tender feelings, pulses of hot heart [3] are precisely observed.

Except for a ballad «Erlkönig» Kalizhan Bekkhozhin translated also Goethe's other verses published in the collection «Songs. Ballads» in 1965. D.Turanov and I.Mambetov have addressed to I.R.Bekher, Z.Syzdykov, T.Kattalov, K.Iskakov’s verses - to Anna Zegers's stories.

"Faust" of Goethe, one of the best creations in the world literature, was born once in the original language, was born again and again in other languages, bearing aesthetic pleasure to the readers of the different countries and generations. "Faust's" occurrence in Kazakh translation was the important event in the translational literature and in cultural life of Kazakhstan. Translator Medeubai Kurmanov put before himself a sophisticated task; having taken the trouble to translate a masterpiece into Kazakh language for this work is one of the most difficult for transferring on any foreign language. His huge merit consists in that he for the first time has translated directly from the original, has deeply entered into the many-sided world of immortal images and ideas, in the world of immortal poetry. By skillfully using a rich arsenal of graphic means of Kazakh language, it was possible to Kurmanov not only to recreate on the native language a complex of work ideas, but also to keep style and national features of the original. Thus, he used various ways and receptions, achieving adequate transfer of the maintenance, considering semantic accuracy, expressive-emotional conformity to the original. Kurmanov’s "Faust" translation has a great value for the further development of German-Kazakh translational tradition. The ways, the receptions of the poetic text translation used by him can be applied by other Kazakh translators. Wide opportunities for "Faust" reconstruction in a new Kazakh variant reveal before them. One of "Faust" interpreters has written in the foreword to the tragedy: «Such ingenious product demands not one, and not two, but a lot of translations as even greater talents cannot transfer all features, all beauty of the original and precisely express inner meaning of all poetry because each translation in the certain degree supplements the previous and promote to the better understanding of Goethe masterpiece».

The question was discussed for a long time among Kazakhstan’s critics and writers: Whether Kurmanov has translated "Faust" from any Russian variant, for example, from B.Pasternak's translation. All doubts on this account were completely denied by Belger who has carefully studied "Faust" in the original, in Russian and Kazakh translation. In his article “Faust” how does he speak kazakh?” he results the set of examples, testifying that M. Kurmanov independently worked under a drama, not referring to the ready Russian translations.

In K.Isabaev, S.Erkebaev, Z.Ahmetov, G.Belger’s opinion, translation of "Faust'’ by Kurmanov deserved praises and respect. The interpreter really has translated many parts of the work successfully. Some episodes were not absolutely successful; there were elements of literalism, misunderstanding of true meaning of the separate expressions. However, the author of the translation, does not stop on reached, and constantly works, improves the separate moments of translation. He searched and found in Kazakh poetry the peculiar forms for the fullest expression of Goethe poetic maintenance [4].

The first part of tragedy in Kazakh language was published in 1969. The full translation of Goethe’s drama poem "Faust" was edited in 1983.The translation of "Faust" into Kazakh language in Germany was marked. Klaus Schneider in his book «Alma-Ata. Kasachischer Fruehling» writes with delight about Medeubai Kurmanov. Many warm words are written about him in the reporting of Rut Kraft «Fruechte aus Alma-Ata». Medeubai Kurmanov is selected the honorary member of Goethe International society. In 1979 M.Kurmanov has published the book «The Intermediary of friendship» - serious and fruitful work in Kazakh language - a fruit of long-term supervision and researches. For the first time in this book the history of translations of German poetry into Kazakh language is described. Translations of Heine and Goethe products are exposed to the careful analysis. The author tells about the tortures and problems above "Faust's" translation [4].

Medeubai Kurmanov is the outstanding personality in modern culture of Kazakhstan who has brought the big contribution to the development of history of translational activity and translational tradition. Kazakh "Faust's" author, having undertaken once for so complex translation, has made the good beginning, giving an opportunity to other poets-translators to recreate by means of the native language the Great Goethe's drama.

The purposes which were put before translators by themselves, were wider, than simple acquaintance of Kazakh readers with the foreign products. They aspired to enrich the native literature, to impart to it that valuable, they could take from the western literatures. Free alteration of a source or free translation made the work of translator almost equal in rights with the original creativity. Translation adapted to Kazakh conditions, life, literary tradition, as a rule, it answered the pressing needs of literary and social development.

The big contribution to the development of German-Kazakh translational tradition has enclosed Kazakhstan translator, prose writer, the critic, the essayist, the publicist, the researcher Herald Belger, having worked for many years under the themes: «Goethe and Abai», «The literature of Russian Germans». Brought up on a joint of three national cultures - German, Kazakh and Russian - he successfully worked on each of them; more than thirty years he actively translated Kazakh and German prose into Russian. Belger’s book «Faces of a word» in which he has generalized many practical and theoretical problems of art translation, is rightly considered as the greater contribution to the development of interpretation in Kazakhstan.

Comparing with the literary facts, revealing the obvious and latent similarities, analogues, accords of ideas and thoughts, inspirations and doubts, ascertaining and analyzing similarities and distinctions, G.Belger comes to the wide historical and cultural conclusions and generalizations. Known Kazakh writer Abdizhamil Nurpeisov in the foreword to literary-critical sketches of Herald Belger «Terrestrial elects. Goethe. Abai» writes: “Belger has special predilection for a long time to a theme of spiritual affinity, spiritual relationship of polyglot artists of the word. In the creativity of greater poets he searches and finds not only the simply muster of any ideas, themes and the plots, obvious interrelation and interference, but also a sacred generality of spirit, a generality of the certain uniform roots-formulas expressing a common to all mankind brotherhood, immemorial and natural aspiration to unity».

One of the problems while translating foreign, including the German literature into Kazakh language was that the way from the primary source of translation passed through the translation - the intermediary had other national specificity. The overwhelming part of the foreign literature was translated into Kazakh language from Russian translations owing to primary distribution of this language in the territory of Kazakhstan. But such translations-intermediaries represented already certain interpretation of product which was reflected in the subsequent Kazakh translation [1].

Presently, translation became one of the basic forms of interrelation between people. The necessity to make the property of people the spiritual riches of other people by translation is so natural, that does not require any explanation. That fact, that millions of people from the different countries of the world can read Shakespeare, Byron, Goethe, Pushkin, Abai, Auezov, Aitmatov and others on the native language expands their ideologically-aesthetic outlook, has a huge value in upbringing and education. Interference and mutual enrichment of literatures becomes possible owing to translation «to one of the most important and most significant means of dialogue between people».

The used literature:

1.S.Abdrakhmanov « The theory and poetics of poetic translation » Author's abstract dis,doct.philol. sciences., 2007 – 36p.,

2.M.O.Auezov Time and literature. Almaty, 1962, 388p.

3.G. Belger Terrestrial elects (Goethe and Abai) - Almaty:Zhazushy, 1995.-252p.

4. M.Kurmanov. The dissert. cand.sciences, Almaty 1978

5. V.S. Vinogradov Introduction into interpretation (the general and lexical questions).

М.: publishing house of the general secondary education institute ROS, 2001.224p.

6.YA.I Retsker.Theory of translation and translational practice. Sketches of the interpretation linguistic theory / additions and D.I.Ermolovich's comments. М.: R.Valent, 2004.240p.