Agricultural sciences / 3.Agriculture, Soil and Agricultural Chemistry.

C.-agricultural sciences. Yust N.A. postgraduate Gorbacheva N.A.

C. agricultural sciences. Shelkovkina N.S.

Far Eastern State Agrarian University, Russia

Increasing the fertility of irrigated land

Guaranteed yield of crops on reclaimed land is possible with the introduction of technologies of reproduction of soil fertility through the systematic application of mineral fertilizers. A case of acute shortage of fertilizers can be used Ashes. For example, the use of ashes to compensate the lack of manure, compost or other organic fertilizer that helps to increase the stock of matter and improve soil physical properties.

 Globally, agriculture soybeans ranked first among the grain legume crop area, it has been cultivated in more than 70 countries around the world. In the Russian Federation, more than 80% of the soybean acreage is concentrated in the Far East. This is traditionally the main areas planting soybeans - Amur region, Primorsky Krai
 and Khabarovsk territories. However, against the backdrop of deep economic reforms there was a decline in the production of agricultural- natural crops. 

This is due to reduced acreage area, reduced soybean yields and falling natural soil fertility. A powerful factor in increasing crop production is land reclamation, especially in difficult climatic conditions of the Amur region. Field experiments were conducted at the experimental field (p. Gribskov), Amur Region and were accompanied by observations and taking into account studies conducted in compliance with the requirements of methods of experimental work. Laboratory experiments were conducted in an experimental laboratory Institute of soybeans.

Group experiences - irrigation regimes soy and application rates ash and slag waste, held in 2011 includes:

- the study of the influence of soil water regime on crop yield in three variants preirrigation limit of soil moisture threshold of 60, 70 and 80% of the HB and the control variant - without irrigation; - Study the effectiveness of making ash doses of 40 and 60 t / ha as chemical meliorants.

The experience was carried out according to the procedure of field experience. When sprinkling accommodation options - random. Repeated experience 4 times. The area of the experimental plot - 26 m². Studies were accompanied by observations, accounting and research performed in compliance with the requirements of methods of experimental work B.A.Dospehova, V.N.Pleshakova, P.G.Naidin [1,2,3].

Water consumption of soybean was determined by water balance A.N.Kostyakov [4].

Soil moisture was adjusted thermo gravimetric-gravimetric method, the timing of irrigation - to reduce the pre-irrigation moisture of the soil to the desired level. Number of feed on the water when watering irrigation accounted for by the rain gauges F.F.Davitaya. Repeated experience 4 times .Method of irrigation - irrigation. The depth of the active layer is controlled irrigation soil moisture of 0,3 m.

The calculated dose of ash and slag waste was determined by the balance method, based on the account of the natural fertility of the soil.

The initial data to take the necessary amount of nutrients spent on education a certain level of productivity, as well as the coefficients of their use of the soil and fertilizers. Gribskovs boiler house ash and slag waste have contains a variety of chemical elements. The chemical and mineral composition of ash depends on the composition of the mineral fuel. Spectral analysis ash samples on the elements 11 shows that the ash content is: bismuth - at 428,6 times lead – 62,5, arsenic – 48,8, boron – 31,8 molybdenum - 14, 5 times higher than the earth's crust. The most valuable agronomic standpoint elements Mo, V, Zn, K sol contains significant amounts of Ca and Mg - in sufficient. Scheme of field experience - irrigation regimes soybeans and fertilizer application rates are presented in table 1.

Table 1

Scheme of field experience in 2002-2004.

Numbervariants	Pre Irrigation Soil Moisture % NH	Soil Layer	Planned yield t / hect	Doses of mineral fertilizers
1	80 % НВ	0,3 м		Control (withoutmakingany)
2		0,3 м	2	N15P30K20
3		0,3 м	2,5	N60P60K50
4		0,3 м	3	N105P90K80
5	80 % НВ	0,3 м и 0,5 м		Control (withoutmakingany)
6		0,3 м и 0,5 м	2	N15P30K20
7		0,3 м и 0,5 м	2,5	N60P60K50
8		0,3 м и 0,5 м	3	N105P90K80
9	80 % НВ	0,5 м		Control (withoutmakingany)
10		0,5 м	2	N15P30K20
11		0,5 м	2,5	N60P60K50
12		0,5 м	3	N105P90K80

The result of biological and biophysical processes that occur in plants, is productivity [5].

In experiments with different doses of mineral fertilizers on the average years of research yields were as follows: the minimum value obtained in the third mode of irrigation – 1,43– 2,05 t / ha, the maximum value of the yield was obtained at 2 irrigation regime – 1,56 – 2, 34 t / ha, with one mode of irrigation were collected 1,49 – 2,18 t / ha of soybean (tablitsa2).

Table 2

Soybean yield, t / hect

Variant	Planned yield, t / hect	2002				2003				2004							Themean
		Crop yields	profit, %			Crop yields		profit, %		Crop yields			profit, %				Crop yields		profit, %
layer 0 - 0,30 м
Control		1,71					1,11				1,65							1,49
N15P60K20	2	1,98			15,8		1,29		16,2		1,90			15,4				1,7		14,1
N60P90K50	2,5	2,36			38,0		1,32		18,9		2,25			36,4				1,98		32,9
N105P120K80	3	2,65			54,9		1,38		24,3		2,51			52,1				2,18		46,3
layer 0 - 0,3 м и 0 - 0,5 м
Control		1,79					1,10				1,78							1,55
N15P60K20	2	2,05			14,5		1,31		19,1		2,07			16,3				1,81		16,7
N60P90K50	2,5	2,58			44,1		1,34		21,8		2,61			46,7				2,18		40,6
N105P120K80	3	2,81			56,9		1,39		26,4		2,81			58,1				2,34		51,0
layer0-0,5 м
Control		1,68				1,09						1,53				1,43
N15P60K20	2	1,89		12,5		1,26			15,6			1,74			13,7	1,63				13,9
N60P90K50	2,5	2,30		36,9		1,29			18,3			2,05			34,3	1,88				31,5
N105P120K80	3	2,54		51,2		1,32			21,1			2,29			49,5	2,05				43,4
		НСР05 = 0,12 НСРа= 0,06, НСРв=0,07				НСР05 = 0,02 НСРа =0,01 НСРв = 0,01						НСР05 = 0,11 НСРа = 0,05 НСРв = 0,06

Improvement of mineral nutrition of soil creates favorable conditions for the better use of irrigation water plants, thereby increasing the efficiency of irrigation. Studies have shown that under conditions of natural fertility of the soil grain yield of soybean was the lowest.

The average yield on years of research on this variant was 1,43 – 1,55 t /ha for all considered irrigation regimes. Improvement of soil fertility by making settlement fertilization rates contributed to the increase soybean yields.

Adding to the minimum dose of fertilizer (N15P60K20) led to an increase in soybean crop in all the years of research by 0,20 – 0,26 t / ha about control. The average soybean yields in this variant was 1,63 – 1,81 t / ha. Increasing the dose of fertilizer was accompanied by an increase in soybean yield. So, when making dose N60P90K50 happened yield increase of 0,45 – 0,63 t / ha compared to control. Further increase of the dose of fertilizer helped to increase the yield by 0,62 – 0,79 t / ha and was an average of years of research 2,05 – 2,34 t / ha. [6]

Indicators of productivity gain from making different doses of fertilizers in different years of research have some differences. This is due to the high dependence of the yield on the meteorological conditions of the year.

Analyzing the effect of various levels of moisture and mineral nutrition on soybean yield, it should be noted that the highest yield was obtained with soybean preirrigation limit of soil moisture threshold of 80% in the differential layer, and variants with fertilizers - in its maximum dose. [6]

In experiments in making ash and slag waste lowest yield – 1,4 t / ha was obtained in the control test plot where the plant and the soil moisture deficit experienced and nutrients. Adding to the minimum dose ash 40 t/ha resulted in increased soybean yield in all variants of research by 0,36 – 1,03 t / ha. Increasing the dose of ash and slag waste accompanied by an increase soybean yields. So, when you make a dose of 60 t / ha yield increase occurred at 0,55 – 1,18 t / ha about control (Figure 1). [7]

Analyzing the effect of different levels of moisture and ash and slag waste doses making on soybean yields, it should be noted that the best mode is capable of lowering soil moisture up to 70% of the NH in which obtained the highest soybean yield - 2,58 t/h.

Fig.1. The average yield of soybeans for 2013, t / ha

Thus, the application of mineral fertilizers and ash dose N105P90K80 dose of 60 t / hа will improve the fertility of irrigated lands in the southern zone of the Amur Region.

References:

1. Dospehov B.A. Technique field experience. 5th Edition, more options. and reworked. - Moscow: Agropromizdat, 1985. - 385 p.

2. Pleshakov V.N. The method of field experience in irrigation / V.N. Pleshakov. - Volgograd: VNIIOZ, 1983. - 148 p.

3. Field experience / ed. P.G. Naydin. - Ed. 2nd, rev. and add. - M.: Kolos, 1968. - 328 p.

4. Kaczynski N.A. Soil physics. – Moscow: HighSchool, 1970. - 340 p.

5. Soybeans in the Volgograd region/ ed. Borodychev V.V., Lytov M.N., Saldanha A.M., Pohomov D.A. - Volgograd: Panorama, 2008. - 224.

6. Yust N.A. Soybean cultivation in irrigated areas Amur: monograph / N.A. Yust, N.S. Shelkovkina, I.S. Alekseyko. - Blagoveshchensk: DalGAU, 2010. – 176 p.

7. Jaremenko A.A., Molchanova T.G., Yust N.A., Gorbacheva N.A.- Land reclamation Priamurja - Actual problems of environmental safety and technosphere: Sat. Scien. tr. zaoch. Intern. nauchn.-practical. Conf. - Brussels: DalGAU, 2014. - Vol. 1 - 93-101 s.