Kirdasinova K.A.
Ibrahim Al-Farabi
L.N. Gumilev Eurasian National University , Astana, Kazakhstan
USAGE OF CLUSTER APPROACHES IN ECONOMICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTRY
Experience in the implementation of cluster
policy in developed countries shows that its efficiency is achieved by
integrating the cluster approach to regional strategies and programs of
socio-economic development of territory.
Industrial and innovation policy in Germany is
based on a long-term strategy.
According to this strategy were identified 17 key priority sectors.The
result of this strategy was the implementation
of innovative alliances - association of firms with the same technology
platform, and the subsequent clustering of the industry.
The cluster approach comes forward as a kind of
methodological basis of innovation policy, combining industrial and scientific
technology policy, the policy of small business support , as well as regional
policy.
Cluster
policy assumes the displacement of
state support of individual
organizations to regional systems
of organizations increases the
overall value of the assets. The
focus of this policy are local growth processes. The concept of "regional cluster" indicates that this policy is based on stimulation of strong or
potentially strong sides the regional
industry.
The implementation
of the cluster policy is associated with the spread of innovation by promoting
the modernization of the organizations in the cluster to transform them into
innovative networks and innovation systems. This corresponds to mean time believes, according to which the concept of regional
clustering is a part of the mechanism of dynamic innovative development that
follows from the goals of cluster policy. This increase competitiveness and
innovative capacity of enterprises and individual industries, the development
of small and medium-sized businesses in the regions.
We
can distinguish three areas of implementation of cluster policy in the regions.
1.
Implementation of set
of measures on the identification of clusters, the definition of the field of activity forming clusters firms,
creation of governmental bodies support
clusters and implementation of a general policy of maintaining clusters in the region.
2.
Usage of individual approach
to the problems of development of each cluster individually by means of:
- creating a platform of
dialogue participants in the cluster;
- Diversification of local demand by placing government orders for local
companies;
- Training of the local workforce through the implementation of programs
of additional education and retraining;
- Create a "brand" of
the region to attract foreign investment.
3.
Formation of cluster
initiatives resulting from cooperation
between universities, research institutes, technoparks,
private companies, etc.
An
important area of implementation of cluster policy is to integrate the cluster approach to regional development policies of individual sectors of the economy, realized by the relevant ministries and departments.
An
important area of the implementation of cluster policy is the integration of
the cluster approach to regional policy, the development of individual
sectors of the economy sold by the relevant ministries and departments.
It is therefore appropriate integration
of the cluster approach in
development strategies and programs of
individual sectors (starting with pilot projects). Also is necessary to integrate the cluster approach to the development of
infrastructure sectors (general
and vocational education, R & D funding, transport and energy infrastructure, and others.).
From the list of
tasks, it is clear that the program of
development of the regional clusters is
the basis for improving the
effectiveness of public-private partnerships and synergies between government, business
and universities.
An important element
of cluster policy in the regions - support of cluster initiatives at the stage of cluster formation, which in turn suggests the
feasibility of using state order as
a form of state support of the
cluster, as well as to create a research
and production base, innovative infrastructure,
technology parks.
The cluster approach
is directly related to increasing
the competitiveness of the territory.
This is because it
is both, on the one hand, acts on
the productivity and labor, and
other removes contradictions
the therebetween. Labor productivity in the cluster grows through specialization and outsourcing non-core activities. With regard to the level of employment,
its growth is due to the attraction and the formation of new economic actors in related and supporting industries.
A cluster
allows to increase scale of production
due to synergy effect. As a result, determination of these indicators assesses availability of resources, which allow to form stability of index of competitiveness of certain industries.
Moreover, this assessment can be carried out both quantitatively and qualitatively. By analyzing clusters is
proposed to consider such
indicators as indicators of
sectoral growth (comparative
assessment of industry growth with the
growth of the economy as a whole);
indicators of cluster growth (comparing the growth rate production of the cluster with a growth rate of the
industry, evaluation of the share of products of the cluster in gross regional product), and so on.
The task of maintaining cluster
initiatives include:
- Allocation of the managing
organization and contribute to
its efforts to create a cluster;
- Promotion of group
leaders;
- Institutionalization of the cluster initiative;
- formation of a portfolio cluster initiatives;
- The development of vision cluster areas of
its activities, the strategic plan.
Frequently
there is a need to attract in a cluster members located
in other regions and countries. If
the cluster is formed at the
boundaries of two neighboring regions,
state authorities must help to provide
inter-regional coordination to address the critical issues of cluster
development. This task involves
a broad partnership of regions with the federal and municipal authorities,
the business community, non-profit
organizations and others.
A result of studying best
practices is possible to allocate priority areas for the development of cluster policy:
1.
The formation of
institutions and ensuring
effective organization of the business
environment for the development of regional clusters. This direction involves the formation of an effective environment for participants in the regional cluster
initiatives. Should be developed tools
on the formation and maintain long-term a special creative atmosphere of competition and partnership between cluster members. The
task of state authority is to create conditions in which the cluster members
must compete for staff, licenses, quotas, using the full range of tools.
2.
Improved infrastructure for
the sustainable development of existing and promotion of new cluster
initiatives. Within this direction the task of state power is the actualization of the key elements of
the region's infrastructure, including technical,
scientific and university complexes,
providing infrastructure (transport, energetic, telecommunication, financial).
3.
Formation of an effective system of
recruitment, training and retraining of qualified personnel for the needs of
regional clusters. Long-term maintenance of the competitiveness of the cluster
is only possible through continuous innovation process that relies on skilled
personnel. Therefore, the key task of public authorities is to improve the
quality of the local workforce, attracting skilled workers from other regions
and countries to strengthen the competitive potential of regional clusters [1].
In this way:
- Development of innovation policy
distinguish three models of of venture funds: the model of "fund
of funds", "pilot region",
"investment of innovative companies." The most promising model of venture funds at this stage of development of Kazakhstan's innovation policy
is a model of a
"pilot region", using
which can be aligned the
diversification of regional socio-economic
indicators;
- For the
development of cluster initiatives in the Republic of Kazakhstan is necessary to form institutions and ensuring
the effective organization of business
environment for regional clusters, modernization of infrastructure and the formation of an
effective system of training of
qualified specialists for the needs of the cluster.
References:
1. Improvement of mechanisms and tools of innovation in the regions: Information and Analytical Bulletin / Batkilina
YM, Gudkov AA,
AV Koltsov -
Moscow, 2011.
2. Espayev S.S. The new neo-industrial
policy: methodological foundations
and cluster development model / kiri Astana, 2013.
3. The official website
of the Ministry of Industry and New
Technologies of Kazakhstan [electronic
resource]. - Mode of access: https://www.mint.gov.kz