Alzhanova N. Sh.
Cand. Sc., professor,
KNU named after al-Farabi
Zhanakova B.G
Student of "Economics" chair
KNU named after al-Farabi
Population migration as factor and consequence of
Kazakhstan labor market development
Migration
affecting many aspects of the population activity plays an important role in
social and economic development for each country. The successful economic
policy of any country is impossible without comprehensive accounting of such
phenomenon as the population migration. Being one of the natural entity which
occurs in society regardless of a form of a social and economic order, the
population migration is considered within the framework and in conjunction of
various sciences.
Migratory processes in the Republic of Kazakhstan
developed under the influence of social and economic, political, ethnic,
ecological and other factors. Migration had and has the specifics and
characteristics on each stage of development of Kazakhstan.
Thus it must be kept
in mind that labor migration is a not only economic but also difficult
political and socio-economic phenomenon. It considerably influences over the
structure of labour supplies as contributing countries so and the accepting
countries, creates a new situation in the labor markets, brings many changes
(and not only positive) in social and political life of many accepting
countries.
Kazakhstan is one of the countries which
not only accept the greatest number of migrants in the world but also deliver a
large number of migrants for the boundary. In January-July, 2013 in the
Republic Kazakhstan on all threads the number of the arrived made 173 690
people, the left - 174 362 people. The number of immigrants made 12 230 persons
of them, floating population-12 902 people that compared with the same period
in 2012 is 32% lower (17 974 people) and 18% (15 751 persons) respectively
[1].
In Kazakhstan lives
155 thousand families of oralman numbering 608 thousand people and accepting a
large number of migrants from other countries the Republic of Kazakhstan
occupies 15th place among the countries accepting migrants. Total of migrants
in Kazakhstan is 3 million 80 thousand, from them 2 million 650 thousand (86%)
are from Europe and the countries of the former Soviet Union and 430 thousand
(14%) are from Asia.
Now the migratory situation in the republic is
characterized by volume growth of labor migration. In Russia lives 2 million
650 thousand Kazakhstan migrants, in Germany — 700 thousand, in Ukraine — 250
thousand, in Belarus — 70 thousand, in Kyrgyzstan — 50 thousand, in the USA —
30 thousand, in Turkey, Poland and Latvia — less than 10 thousand, in Canada —
less than 10 thousand Kazakhstan migrants [1].
Uncontrollable waves of migration can seriously
change a situation in the labor market of Kazakhstan. The best minds leave the
country, inflow of common Labor from other countries grows. In recent years in
Kazakhstan the increasing application is found by foreign workers.
Attraction of
foreign labour is regulated by the special document "Rules for the
determination of quota, condition and order of grant of permissions to
employers to attraction of foreign labor to the Republic Kazakhstan", an
also the laws "About Migration" and "About Employment"
whereby the annual quota for attraction of foreign labor as a percentage of
economically active population is established by the Government of the Republic
Kazakhstan. The quota for 2005 is established in a size of 0,32%.
If to consider involvement of foreign workers by
types of economic activity their greatest number works in the building
construction sector, then there is extraction industry and agriculture. The
increase in need of employers for the qualified experts is connected with
intensive development of construction branch, growth of investments into oil
and gas branch.
There are some data sources on the international
labor migration which differs in temporality of presence of migrants in the
Republic Kazakhstan. Each of data sources has the benefits and the drawbacks.
The main data
source are data on number of labor migrants which reflect number of foreign
workers in the country and number of the Kazakhstan citizens who left for work
for the boundary on a basis of the contracts and agreements signed with
employers. It is necessary to notice that these data fix only part of external
labor migration as on entrance on the territory of Kazakhstan, so and on
departure out of country borders.
Table 1
The population of the RK and change in labor
market for 2011-2013.
|
|
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
|
Average
annual number of the constant population, one million people |
16,7 |
16,9 |
17,2 |
|
LABOR MARKET |
|
|
|
|
Number of
economically active population, one million people |
8,8 |
9,0 |
9,0 |
|
Busy
population, one million people |
8,3 |
8,5 |
8,6 |
|
Number of
the jobless population, one thousand people |
473,0 |
474,8 |
470,7 |
|
Unemployment level, % |
5,4 |
5,3 |
5,2 |
|
The number
of the unemployed registered in employment services, one thousand people |
36,65 |
34,65 |
30,05 |
|
Level of
the registered unemployment, % |
0,45 |
0,45 |
0,55 |
Source: data according to the Statistical agency of
the RK
According to the data quoted hereinabove with increase in population grow
the number of the busy population increases and respectively the unemployment
level that can testify to productivity of a state policy on employment and
migration decreases.
There are 25 thousand foreign
migrants worked officially in Kazakhstan in 2014 . In general by approximate
estimates of experts the number of labor migrants in the RK for 2014 made not
less than 1,5-2 million people [3].
We will note some positive moments of migration to the country:
- Inflow of the foreign workers possessing high mobility facilitates
structural, branch and other changes of national economy.
- The accepting countries save on expenses which were enclosed in education
and professional training of workers and experts in the contributing country.
- Import of labor power promotes increase of product marketability of the
accepting country owing to reduction costs of production connected with lower
underpayment of foreign workers.
- Foreign workers often play a role of a certain shock-absorber in a case
of crises and unemployments so as they can be the first who will dismiss from
work.
- Foreign workers aren't provided with pensions, medical insurance and not
considered at implementation of social programs.
Immigration in a particular can cause a number of the problems connected
with ethnic, racial, religious and cultural differences of immigrants from the
radical population. Examples of manifestation of such problems are available
practically in all accepting countries. However without looking at possibility
of outflow for the boundary of part of the most qualified shots (scientists,
engineers, doctors, the qualified workers), it isn't necessary to accept such
situation as panic.
First, undoubtedly having increased the qualification and having improved
material situation many will return as for the majority to live in the country
much more naturally and psychologically more comfortably than behind border.
Secondly, if the country passes to the market and seeks for integration
into the world economy, it is necessary to recognize that workers according to
market laws look for the most adequate application and optimum conditions for
sale of the labor.
The solution of problems consists in economic recovery of the country, wage
hike. As well as in a case with international trade, free international
migration of labor from purely economic viewpoint divides society on won and
lost that predetermines both the ambiguous attitude of society towards
migrants, and inevitability of state regulation of migratory processes.