Philological science/ 3. Theoretical and methodological problems of language investigation.

Candidate of philological sciences Avazbakiyeva F.R.

PhD Ibrayeva A.B.

Master of Pedagogy and Psychology Yemelyanova E.V.

Kazakh Humanitarian and Law University, Kazakhstan

Representation of the politeness concept in the metaphorical nominations of Tatar, Russian and English languages

Metaphor - is one of lexical-semantic ways of word formation, i.e. the transfer of the name from one object to another in reliance on similarities: 1) external signs, 2) structural, 3) functional. The metaphor reflects the specific linguocultural perceptions of native speakers about concepts, phenomena, objects, etc. “A part of intensional and implicational components which name an object are actualized in the metaphorical meanings, and parallel name of the object becomes the basis of their conceptualization. Imaginative force of metaphorical meaning consists in brightness, “freshness” and the relevance of allegoric meaning” [1, 38]. This phenomenon appears as a universal linguistic category and reflects subcultural differences. Thus, the metaphor is not only a lexical-semantic way of word formation, but also the way of world perception that fully implements the specific mentality features of one or another nation.

In the Tatar language the politeness concept with metaphorical meaning is represented by the following adjectives: nyazakyatle, azman, kerpele, ertlach, tezgensez, toerle, tyrpy.

In the Russian language: loshennyi, otesannyi, utonchennyi, raphinirovannyi, neotosannyi, nahrapistyi, razvyaznyi, raspoyasannyi, raspyshennyi, dikii. In English: accomplished, cultivated, elegant, fair, refined, smooth, sugary, thorough-bred, barbarian, barbaric, barbarous, bearish, blunt, coarse, crude, cur, rough, rugged, rustic, savage, tough, unbridled, wanton, wild.

Thus, in the Tatar language the adjective nyazakyatle characterizes metaphorically a “polite person”. The original meaning “elegant, graceful girl” of the phrase nyazakyatle kyz is metonymically converted into a meaning of “delicate, polite girl”. In the linguistic consciousness of Tatars such external aesthetic qualities as grace and elegance are transferred metonymically on behavior characteristics – delicacy and politeness.

Implicative meaning “unbridled, dissolute” of the adjective azman is based on the direct meaning “bastard, cross breed”. As a result, in the Tatar national worldview the phrase azman keshe relates primarily to an illegitimate child, as well as to cross breed of animals. Lexical units “illegitimate” and “crossbreed” present potential deteriorative semes in the direct meaning which are actualized for characteristics of ignoble, ill-mannered person. This implies that for native speakers of Tatar language a perception of a well-bred man is equivalent to the perception of a noble, thoroughbred man.

Using such expressions as tyrpy eget; toerle / ertlach / kerpele keshe, a person, first of all, recalls the most characteristic features. For example, the adjective tyrpy is linked with a perception of something “bristling, sticking, disheveled” and the adjective toerle – with the perception of something “bumpy, lumpy”. Figurative meaning of the phrase tezgensez keshe is based on the direct meaning “without snaffle bit, reinless”. The metaphorical meaning “arrogant, impudent guy” of the expression ertlach eget is based on the literal meaning “pitted”, i.e. in the Tatar linguistic world-image an ill-mannered person is literally associated with somebody, who is infected by death-defying disease. The adjective kerpele (rude, brusque) is derived from the single-rooted noun kerpe (hedgehog). A distinctive feature of hedgehog is the spines, of which a person can easily get hurt. Thus, in the Tatar language consciousness a rude and impolite person is associated with this animal; rude behavior is as unpleasant as touching the prickly hedgehog.

A cow is a model of rude and unscrupulous person, for example, the idiom mulyak syer. Commonly, the negative qualities, including arrogance, shamelessness, impudence are often ascribed to the cow in the Tatar linguistic world-image, so idioms with this word can be offensive: mogezsez syer, mogezsez syer shikelle.

Thus, pointing to the set course of thinking paradigm about the world, the metaphor is a basic method for determining the linguocultural worldview of native speakers [2, 396].

“In order to understand the metaphor, it is necessary to see the “material”, i.e. the initial meaning. In other words it is necessary to learn not only how to extract the truth from the lies but to extract features from the object, transforming the world of objects into the world of meanings” [2, 71]. We have analyzed the metaphorical meaning of Russian language adjectives loshennyi, otesannyi utonchennyi rafinirovannyi and obtained the following result. When we use adjectives loshennyi, otesannyi out of a specific context, we first think about the characteristic features. For example, the meanings “shiny-glazed, glossy, polished, smeared over” are associated with the adjective loshennyi and the meaning “hewn stone or brick without any roughness” – with the adjective otesannyi. The adjective rafinirovannyi correlates with the word thin and it is formed from the verb to thin with the meaning "to make something subtle" that is utonchennyi characterizes something with a thin, elegant shape. Different ideas arise, using the word rafinirovannyi. Some people think about the taste of sugar, others about the right / straight shapes of sugar pieces. The adjective rafinirovannyi is derived from the French word raffiner “refined, clean” (from the Latin. re- “back, again, against” affiner “to thin”). Consequently, the original meaning of the word rafinirovannyi is “a product purified from impurities”.

N.D. Arutyunova distinguished several types of metaphors - imagine, cognitive, nominative and generalizing. Imagine metaphors are based on the similarity between two disparate subjects, almost at peculiar contrast [3, 127].

An ill-mannered person is associated with a certain character that is reflected in the metaphorical nominations for Russian-speaking people. For example, when Russians use adjectives neotesannyi, nakhrapistyi, raspoyasannyi, razvyaznyi, raspushennyi out of a specific context, some images appear in their minds. The adjective neotesannyi correlates with a bar of irregular and angular shape or with an unhewn log that needs rough-hewing. The phrase nakhrapistyi chelovek gives us an idea of arrogant and inconsiderate behavior. The adjective nakhrapistyi is cognate with the nouns nakhrapnik, nakhrap. The thesauruses edited by D.N. Ushakov defines nakhrapnik as “a leather band that goes over a horse’s head and holds the bit in its mouth” [4, 458]. This belt restrains the horse in order to curb it. Metaphorically the word nakhrapnik is associated with the rules of behavior, that helps a person to control himself. If a person is well-bred, his behavior conforms to generally accepted standards, therefore he can control himself and be aware of what is good and bad.

The process of metaphor may be accompanied by a partial change of the word, for example, by adding suffixes or prefixes. As follows the prefixes raz-, ras- have annulment meaning in the following adjectives: razvyaznyi, raspoyasannyi, raspushennyi. Compare: the adjectives razvyaznyi, raspoyasannyi, raspushennyi are cognate with verbs razvyazat, raspoyasat, raspustit. The original meaning of these verbs is “to unstring, detach, untie the belt, make loose”. Thus, the phrases raspoyasannyi chelovek (impertinent young man), razvyazannye manery (loose morals) are associated with unlimited freedom and unboundedness in the conceptual worldview of Russian-speaking people.

The above adjectives with metaphorical meanings are referred to the types of imagine metaphors, except the adjective dikii (wild). This adjective belongs to the cognitive metaphor which is caused by a shift in the compatibility of predicate words (the transfer of meaning), thus creating a polysemy. The primary meaning of the adjective dikii – “being in a natural state (about people)”, “uncultivated (about plants)”, “untamed, non-domesticated (about animals)”. For example, diikie plemena (wild tribes), dikaya yablonya (wild apple), dikie lesa (wild forests), dikaya utka (wild duck) [5, 165]. Secondary meaning “uncultured, rude” of the word wild indicates the synonymous relationship with adjectives ill-mannered, unintelligent, which are combined with common seme “uneducated”. At the same time, the adjective dikii (wild) can be attributed to the type of adjectives formed by the metaphor, because the phrases dikii chelovek, dikoe povedenie (wild man, wild behavior) are associated not only with a lack of culture, but with the primitive system, non-cultivated plants, untamed animals, etc. See.: You live like wild beasts! You do not read newspapers, do not pay any attention to the publicity, but there are so many wonderful things in newspapers! (A.P. Chekhov, “Joy”).

In the English language, the lexemes with a metaphorical meaning, describing a man in terms of politeness, include the following adjectives: accomplished, cultivated, elegant, fair, refined, smooth, sugary, thorough-bred. Figurative meanings of phrases accomplished / cultivated / refined / smooth / sugary or thorough-bred person are formed on the basis of certain images. When the adjective accomplished is used out of the particular context, a person imagines a picture of finished character. The phrase cultivated person is related to the cultivated soil. The expression refined manners is associated primarily with the purified product (compare with similar figurative representation of the adjective refined in the Russian language).

Implicative meaning of the expression thorough-bred person is based on notions of purebred animals; such figurative representation is apparently a typical for the Anglo-American world view, it is not distinguished in the Tatar and Russian language worldviews as well. For example, the set expression hair about the heels (colloquial.) means a lack of manners, inability to behave well. This expression literally means a bad breed of horse/ a mongrel animal. English speaking people see the analogy between politeness and the purity of the breed, this sign is used for the characterization of ill-mannered person in the English linguistic worldview. For example: «Hair about the heels' muttered the count to himself». The mentioned above association produced the metaphorical meaning “uncouth, ill-mannered” of the phrase hairy about (at or in) the heel (or the fetlocks) (colloquial.). Compare: «Bit hairy at the heel. Definitely not out of the top drawer» (A. Christie, Murder in the Mews).

The adjectives elegant and fair relate to cognitive metaphor, which are caused by a shift in the compatibility of predicate words, creating a polysemy. For example, the expression elegant woman can be interpreted in two ways. The first meaning reveals the aesthetic qualities of women, and the second – ethical. The lexeme fair is referred to polysemous adjectives. Additional meanings “soft, polite, courteous” of the word fair are formed on the basis of primary meaning “honest”. For example: fair spoken man. Thus, the concept of politeness implies high moral qualities for native English speakers.

In the linguistic world image of English people the adjectives coarse, crude, rough, rugged are associated with something of poor quality or with something that needs refinement. The expression cur person figuratively compares an ill-mannered man with a cur. The phrase rustic man embodies an idea of redneck, an ordinary person with uncouth manners.

The adjective bearish contains the same root as the noun bear. The behavior of this animal is distinguished by clumsiness and roughness. Thus the metaphorical meaning of the adjective bearish is formed on the basis of this image.

The phrase unbridled man contains the meaning of lax human behavior. The adjective unbridled is cognate with the noun bridle. Bridle is a leather belt that restrains the horse in order to curb it. Thus, an unbridled person in English as well as in Russian linguistic world images is compared with the wild and unbacked horse that cannot be tamed.

The adjective wild is referred to the type of cognitive metaphor. Several meanings are actualized in a figurative meaning of this word: 1) “ill-bred, uncultured person”; 2) “unrestrained, uncontrolled”; 3) “immoral”.

Thus, the metaphor - is not only a way of lexical-semantic word formation, but also the way of world perception that fully implements the specific mentality features of one or another nation.

In the Tatar national worldview a polite person is associated with a certain character. The process of child upbringing is metonymically related to gracefulness and airiness.

In the Russian linguistic world-image the upbringing process is compared with a long and hard work of an artisan, who gives the right form to unrefined product.

English speaking people as well as Tatars and Russians have some particular perceptions of upbringing. First of all, a polite person is associated with the purified product, as well as with finished work. In addition to these ideas, there are associations with the cultivation of the soil, which produces good and rich harvests. Behavior and manners of a polite person are compared with the sweetened taste, smooth surface and pure breed of animals. Manners of a well-bred person have also been associated with the impression of his/her appearance – elegance and beauty.

As a result, linguocultural representations of the “politeness” concept, reflecting both universal and unique features of the Tatar, Russian and English linguistic world-images were identified.

References:

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