Ломова Елена Александровна

Ученая степень, звание: Кандидат филологических наук

Место работы, должность: Доцент кафедры русской и мировой литературы

Казахского государственного национального педагогического университета имени Абая (КазНПУ им.Абая), Казахстан, г.Алматы

AN ORIGINALITY IN ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN LITERATURE FAIRY TALE.

Аннотация

В данной статье рассматривается своеобразие композиции, авторской идеи, сюжета и стилистических особенностей в произведениях Киплинга и Паустовского.

Ключевые слова: дискурсивный код, рациональный код, фольклорные традиции, контекст, культ добра.

Annotation

This article observes the problem of a composition, a plot, author’s adea and slylish features in English fairy tale, basically in the works of P.Kipling and R.Paustovsky.

Keywords: discursive code, rational code, folklore traditions, context, cult of kindness.

Discursive and rational codes of kindness as system of designations are peculiar fairy of P. Paustovsky. Moreover, just realized kindness as form of characters being, and also a sense of their existence and interaction with society. The main heroes of fairy tales of these writers, as a rule, live in an atmosphere of love and kindness which imposes them; therefore they battle for them to the death. Besides the kindness and love for characters of fairy tales of R. Kipling and P.Paustovsky have to be identical to such concepts as a house and the native land without which do not think about their own existence.

The kindness for majority of fairy tales of both of R.Kipling and Paustovsky's is a code for recognition of enemies and friends being kind or malicious. By this principle the basic matter of characters in fairy tales of these writers are determined and in this sense both of them have continued in the fairy tales a folklore traditions: in national fairy tales the sacramental struggle between good and evil always conducted. Both heroes are dream to live only at peace where kindness and laws and validity are prevailing. Therefore in stories of these authors there is a certain cult of kindness as main criterion of merits of heroes and other positive at art context of their fairy tales it is like supplement, addition to the basic to kindness. For this reason fairy tales both authors R. Kipling and P. Paustovsky have imperishable meaning as: bring up children to humanism and to love it nature.

So, for example, in well-known “Books of Jungles” about Maugly s personified symbol of kindness. Though not always be respectful and indulgently to hero Maugly and he wish to kill the main enemies as Sher-khan and red dogs because they were an embodiment of evil. To those who has no concepts about kindness automatically became enemies for Maugly hero along with inhabitants of the village who has expulsion him as the sorcerer. Later the Maugly in the name of fairness have revenged to malicious people and destroyed their village with the help of elephant Hathi.

The idea of Maugly about kind and fairness differed from human because he was brought up by wolves family. The parents wolves liked and protected him, and mother showed not less love and take trouble about Maugly, then woman – mother (Messua). Besides the friends Balu, Bagira, Kaa has also strongly liked him and resign themselves to Maygly and they believe in that he is a Head of Jungle. But their worship has not spoilt a Maugly and only for the sake of livelihood. As against people who is killing for the sake of profiteering and fun. The “Idea of bring under a nature by person and its superiority from that have been sequent a big moral obligations to the world. These themes in “Books of Jungle” play a big educational role. In Russian editions of him “Book of Jungle” has in minor version and being know under “Maugly”. [1].

The Maugly as the recognized owner of jungle is like a model of the moral code of the wild animals understanding also their language and customs Make analyzing an art the originality of Kipling's story, the researchers was marking following: “the sermon of return to primitive, idealization of primitive way of life, a theme of person and animal, inclination to the irrational, a shady of human mentality; aestheticism of rudeness, deliberately wide use of vulgar speeches .."[2]. These reproaches have been existed alongside with suit against the other researchers of Kipling’s work as a writer of propagation of English colonial ideas and an imperialistic policy: “the career of Kipling convincingly testifies about negative influence of reactionary outlook on creative potential of the writer” [3].

But talents of Kipling have not allowed it to be lower oneself up to primitive glorification of predatory manners of England. The writer have created amazing along contents of a fairy tale with specific English humour being still popularity now because of topicality. However, other researchers were uncompromising in the definitions of Kipling’s creativity: “the Kipling stayed at head of the literature of imperialistic reaction he was also as a bard of the British imperialism” and further: “the R. Kipling very talented writer moreover as proponent of imperialistic ideas” [4].

But the D. Urnov has found the necessary words in defense of Kipling, having written that: “intelligible but some time not pleasant, the smack of the truth which the Kipling wanted to bring up to readers had contained so consistently brought so-called “Seasoning” of sociopolitical tendency. Each elephant spoke in story about what it was necessary to R. Kipling. It is suppose to be, that talent of Kipling had prevailed over the tendency. But, the talent was show in that as far as it was possible for Kipling to be a success an idea and pass it through all barrier, really his own idea make differing from other bards and political doctrinaires...”[5].

But, in spite of all these accusations, the fairy tales of R. Kipling has to enclose an inexhaustible impulse of philanthropy and have affirmed an “eternal” human valuable. The writer acts in this story a role of the playful good-natured person who dipped readers into exotic world were reign kindness and validity. The fate of Maugly is unusual, but also instructive: his pure and kind soul as the litmus paper has shown a defect of human society based on the self-interest

In fairy tale of R. Kipling “Whence at the Whale such throat” so the evil it is punished in the face of Whale which eaten all fishes, that from this time onwards did ln.pt swallow a people, the English Seaman has put into throat a wooden lattice as learning and ulceration his will - that as crown of the nature.

In story “Why at the Camel the hump?” the kindness have win along a fairy tale only when “Genie” have punished the capricious Camel which refused to be during time to do his work with the Person together with the Horse and Dog and Bull.

The fairy tale “Whence at the Rhinoceros a skin?” approves the mentioned idea about dominance of person above animals. In this purpose the typical is a punishment of the gluttonous Rhinoceros who has eaten a pie of Pars. In fairy tales of Kipling a punishment is a necessary act of submission of wildlife to will and interests of the person as a master of a live. Moreover the negative hero - animals have to provoke the person to severe measures make changing their missing and destiny. Initially in Kipling stories the people – as a carries of goods, but in these fairy tales animals at the cradle of civilization which hot having any oriented in just created universe therefore, try to show their willfulness and self-affirmation but they couldn't because of, in opinion of the author, this strongly expressed evil – to be exact and submission to desires and requirement of the person as a lord who have power over animals.

But in fairy tale of “Elephant calf” there is no image of the person. Here the main evildoer is – the Crocodile, but he stand the Elephant calf in good stead and having transformed his hose to more useful trunk with which help a life of Elephant calf come to be better and to get new life. The modification which has changed a Turtle being and the Hedgehog having go away from Jaguar have shown in a fairy tale of “Whence have undertaken the armadillo?”.

In a fairy tale “As the first letter has been written is represented the harm from ignorance”. Here kind is beginning of writing because of that there was dependence a life of people. But only in a fairy tale about “Cat walked in itself” the people could not to override the cat which kept freedom and independence for ever.

In a fairy tale of “the Moth which has stamped by leg” the main enemies of people – are people themselves. The wise tsar Solomon could find here a way with the help of wife Balkidy to repress other numerous wives m the harem. The story of “Ricky-Tiki- Tavi" is a tandem of people and mongoose that has killed evil in the face of spiteful cobras was danger of to people and animals and to inhabitants of a house and garden. The winner of mongoose becomes a victory of goods and boldness over evil and meanness. It is symbolical, that the mongoose faithfully serves people - owners.

The discursive code of kindness in one's own way of most aggressive form takes place to be in Paustovsky's fairy tales. Moreover m his fairy tales the kindness is an indispensable condition regarding not only to people, but also to animals. With the help of embodiment by writer, having given their properties to the person have poeticizes them and endow with supernatural properties. As, for example, in a fairy tale of “Warm bread” the bone wounded in a leg by German shell have stated in village with miller Pankrat the old man and guys think that he is a sorcerer. In this fairy tale written by Paustrovsky the scene of action is typical: as the rule it is usual realities, nothing supernatural or magic.

Magic in this story have simply connected with the nature which revenges uponburning frosts for the offended fighting horse treat badly by Filka. Inopinion of the writer, all alive and furthermore a horse which was injured in struggle for freedom of the native land and should be to treat with respect to horse also. Because of fierce colds in village very nearly be lost people and to cajole the annoyed weather, the hero Filkahas cajoled the offended horse with warm bread.

For rude fellow Filka it was in further life. It is necessary to note that patriotism of P. Paustovsky's fairy tales was especiallybrightly showed in the fairy tales was devoted to Great Domestic war such as: "Adventures of the bug - rhinoceros” (the Soldier's fairy tale). The main hero– Peter Terentyevhis son Stepahas presented him the bug – rhinoceros in match. Peter has passed over War with this treasured bug.

The Paustovsky here has endow an insect with intelligence: the fighters are sure, that the bug on a master's voice goes as the dog and said that “kettle is cooks” as a joke and Peter bad called him as a comrade and was confident, that the bug will tell to other bugs about War and his own heroic behavior.

In a fairy tale of “the Steel ringlet” is too has shown a wartime and a meeting Varya with fighters, one of them has givemakhorka as a keepsake and a steel ringlet fortunately. The biggest happiness as she think is a life in a native small village and health of the grandfather that is to be near with those that she loved more over. In this story, as well as in others of author P. Paustovsky there is a mutual kindness as basis of happiness and the meaning of life.

In a fairy tale of “the Primeval bear” have mentioned about war too where the father of Petya be killed and his mother has died because of catch a cold. But hero Petya does not feel his own like the orphan: The Grandma Anisiya has allow him to tent a herd so he being under protection of mother – nature white a whole days it was saved his life in difficult minute and to be offended by bear. The nature – mother come to the defense of Petya in the face of beavers, birds, bumblebees and also saved cow and boy from bear clutches. Even plants, a blackberry have grab hold of bear paws and did not push out, and the willow was whipped a beat on each side.

Besides this there have come for help the girls which have collected mushrooms in a wood. The main hero Petya does not feel like lonely or as deserted orphan and this is helping to readers to be feel “a fairy tale of a life”. The unity of the person and the nature in P. Paustovsky stories, as well as of R. Kipling that allowed to discover a nature new and the beautiful.

It is necessary to note the description of Lyricism of t of the nature of these writers, having closely connected with psychologism of people's image 80 “for Paustovsky a searches of romantic in the ordinaries are characteristic his heroes are sensitive towards nature beauty; there are not simply passive observers there are makers of a new life and fighters for the beautiful.

They have to discover for themselves either in nature its perfection or a life or art” [6]. A theme of love to the nature or to the Native land - the basic in creativity of Paustovsky. The main heroes of fairy tales are characterized with respect to both of native nature and people. In the Paustovsky's fairy tales the kindness - is necessary as the breath of life without which a heroes cannot live.

“The features of creative manner of K.G. Paustovsky be a part of children's reading are connected first of all with both characteristic features as: a lyricism of a narration and romantic contour sharpness. The lyricism is created by special author's intonation as usually - as storyteller of free associations which have played a vital part in a plot of many stories. The romantic specificity is visualized in hyperbole of separate images or situations or episodes” [7].

The lyricism as feature of author’s style is reward by relation exact to kindness. In Paustovsky's fairy tales, as well as in national fairy tales the kindness wins over evil. The author with special tenderness has described of miserable orphans and also emphasizes the kind relating to them of surroundings. [8].

THE LITERATURE

1. The foreign children’s literature. M., 1982, p.159.

2. The History of the English literature. M., 1958, p.179.

3. The foreign children’s literature of 20 centuries. M., 1975, p.165.0

4. Anikin G.B., The history of the English literature. M., 1975, p.355.

5. Umov D. “Rise and falling of the talent”. The Library of the world literature. T.118. M., 1976, p.19.

6. The children’s literature. M., 1985, p.207.

7. The children’s literature. M., 1985, p.208.

8. Paustovsky P.G. “Uncombed sparrow”. M., 1981, p.61.