магистрант Калиева Г.А.
Региональный социально-инновационный университет
To the question of Concept
Classification
The
most common representation of the concept in the language attributed to the
word and the word itself acquires is the status of the name of the concept -
the linguistic sign, transmitting the content of the concept more fully and
adequately. Concept usually refers to more than one lexical unit, and the
logical culmination of this approach is its correlation with the plan of
expression of the totality of heterogeneous synonymous (strictly lexical,
phraseological and aphoristic) of describing it in language that is ultimately
a concept correlate with the plan of expression lexical-semantic paradigm.
Concepts
can be stable - having assigned linguistic means of verbalization and unstable
- do not expressed by linguistic means, deeply personal, often little or no
verbalized. The presence of linguistic expression for the concept, its regular
verbalization support the concept of a stable, steady state, making it
well-known (because the meaning of words are well known, they are interpreted
by native speakers, are reflected in dictionaries).
The
concept has a certain structure, which is a necessary condition for the
existence of the concept and its entry into the conceptual sphere.
Structure
of linguacultural concept is triple. In addition to the evaluative element in
its composition can be isolated factual and figurative elements. Factual
element of the concept is kept in mind in verbal form, and therefore can be
played in the speech itself, shaped as an element not verbal and lends itself
to a description.
The
core of concept is a sensual base image that acts as a universal way of
encoding the object code. This image belongs to the existential layer of
consciousness and, as shown by some observations, has an operational or
substantive in nature, based on biodynamic and sensual fabric of consciousness.
The base image is surrounded by a concrete sense of their origin, the cognitive
layer, reflecting the sense-perceptible properties, characteristics of the
subject. This layer, together with the base layer refers to the existential
consciousness.
Further,
the structure of the concept (though not all concepts) is in the more abstract
layers, reflecting a phase of reflection and existential symptoms related to
the layer of reflective consciousness. Finally, the interpretative field
concept, which includes the evaluation of the content of the concept, some
interpretive signs and cognitive shaping national consciousness arising from
the content of the concept of advice on behavior and comprehension of reality,
may be associated with the spiritual level of consciousness, which involves an
assessment in the broadest sense of the concept in terms of its value to the
nation.
According
to I.A. Sternin there are three structural types of concept: single-level,
multi-layered and segmented. Single-level concept includes only the core, i.e.
sensual image. Such a structure may have concepts in the mind of the child, as
well as concepts in the mind of intellectually underdeveloped personality.
Multi-level concept includes several cognitive layers that differ in the level
of abstraction, which is reflected by them. A segment is a basic concept of
sensitive layer, surrounded by several segments, “equal to the degree of
abstraction” [1, p.58].
The
concept is a “multi-dimensional idealized morphogenesis” [2, p.16], but the
consensus on the number of semantic parameters that it can carry out in its
studying is not defined. This includes both conceptual and imaginative, value,
behavioral, etymological and cultural 'dimension', of which almost everyone can
have a priority status in the study.
T.V.
Gonnova offers the following classification of concepts, which was based on the
criterion of internal or external assessment:
-
Regulatory concepts (“labor”, “feat”, “happiness”) - the internal evaluation;
-
Parametric concepts (“age”, “status”, “time”, “space”) - an external evaluation
skills.
Regulatory
concepts “contain rules of behavior, characteristic of a particular society”
Parametric
concepts – “associated with dominant cultures indirectly” [3, p.483].
Wierzbicka
identifies concepts, autochthonous, abstracted from the values of their
specific language implementations that contain in their semantics and the
“subject” and ethno-cultural semes, and protoconcepts – “universal concepts”,
abstracted by an indefinite number of language implementations and provide a
standard of comparison required for cross-language comparisons and translation [4
p.72].
Universal
concepts are presented in the scientific minds in the form of ethical terms and
logical operators: the good, bad, good, bad, indifferent, etc. In turn, the
autochthonous concepts may not only be intralanguage, monoglossive, they can be
abstracted from the lexical items of two or more languages forming a cultural
super-ethnos – poliglossive like, “limiting the concept of” western and eastern
linguocultures [5].
Another
criterion of demarcation of linguacultural concepts is that they belong to the
realm of consciousness, which they serve. There are specific lexical items,
“further meaning” which forms the basis for the content of the ethical,
psychological, logical, and religious terms – “spiritual values” which, of
course, can be marked as an ethnocultural within one language, and within the
boundaries of interlingual scientific paradigm - the style thinking” [6,
p.105].
Classified
by their media concepts form the individual microgroupping, macrogroupping,
national, civilizational, universal concept sphere. Concepts can be released,
operating in one form or another discourse: for example, pedagogical,
religious, political, medical, etc. In terms of subject matter concepts are
formed, for example, emotional, educational, and other text conceptospheres.
From
a pragmatic point of view A.Ya.Gurevich shared linguacultural concepts into
philosophical categories which he calls the universal categories of culture
(time, space, cause, change, movement), and social categories, the so-called
cultural categories (freedom, law, justice, labor , wealth, property) [7].
V.A.Maslova
sees fit to single out one group - the category of national culture (for
Russian culture, “Will”, “Share”, “Intelligence”, “Collegiality”, etc.) [8].
Thus
the linguistic understanding of the concept outlined the following approaches:
1.
Among the concepts of included lexemes whose values constitute the content of
the national language consciousness and form a 'naive view of the world'
speakers, which concentrated culture of the nation. Determining factor in this
approach is a way of conceptualizing the world in lexical semantics, the main
research tool - a conceptual model with which highlighted the basic components
of the semantics of the concept and identify stable links between them. Some of
these concepts gets any lexical unit, within the meaning of which can be seen
the way (form) of the semantic representation.
2.
In a narrower sense to refer to the number of semantic concepts of formation,
marked by linguacultural specificity and somehow characterize the carriers of a
particular ethnic culture [6]. The set of such concepts in the conceptual
sphere is a part - a conceptual domain.
Semantic
formation, which the list is limited and that are key to understanding the
mentality as a specific relationship to the world of its speakers. Metaphysical
concepts (“Soul”, “Truth”, “Freedom”, “Happiness”, “Love” etc.) - essentially a
high mental or limit the degree of abstraction, they are sent to the 'invisible
world' spiritual values, whose meaning can be revealed only through the symbol
- a sign, would be to use a figurative expression for the objective content of
the content of the abstract.These concepts are relatively easy to “sinonimize”
forming conceptualized area where semantic associations are established between
the metaphysical meanings and phenomena of the objective world, as reflected in
the word [9].
Literature: