CURRENT ISSUES AND TRENDS IN THE DOMESTIC
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, TRANSPORT AND
LOGISTICS
Toleshova M.T.-senior teacher
Oskenbay A–student MMG12-2k1
M.Auezov South Kazakhstan State University
Shymkent, Kazakhstan
Currently, an important issue for economic development of our region and
our entire State is efficiency of the agricultural machinery industry and the
food industry.
The high economic potential of the country is
provided a large share of machinery in the structure of manufacturing
industries. The level of development of the engineering industry characterizes
the development of basic social facilities and services in the sphere of social
production consumes machines for agricultural production. Manufacture of
machinery varied role deepens the division of labor, specialization of
enterprises on the production of individual components for specific machines.
The division and specialization of labor led to the formation of a three-stage
process of production machines:
1. Create placeholder, which produce parts and machine parts. One
workpiece may contain metal 30-50% more than necessary on one item or part.
2. Machining of metal workpieces and manufacture
of components and parts,
as a result of which 30-50% of the metal enters
the waste and re-melted at the metallurgical enterprises.
3. Assembly parts, parts, i.e. the creation of parts for production of
finished machines. Each stage provides a specialized enterprise, which is made
of separate parts, units, units.
Specialization, that is, the division of functions relating to the
production of separate parts, leads to the need for cooperation - joint efforts
for the manufacturing of the end product. Cooperation is manifested in the
formation of intra-and inter-industrial and inter-industry and intra-industry
economic linkages. Deep specialization and cooperation of production reduce the
cost per unit of output, productivity growth, i.e. the increase in unit
production per unit of time. In the result of the collapse of the USSR there
was a break established connections, and many companies have lost their
customers. At the present time is the question of the transformation of the
industry so that domestically produced and machines and their parts.
Agricultural engineering is tied to consumer factor allocation. Developed
countries that have achieved the highest level of mechanization of agriculture,
reduce the production of agricultural machinery, paying attention to improving
its quality and technological capabilities, gradually relinquish its leadership
developing countries in terms of absolute performance. Objective: to study the
rationale of the mechanisms of the agricultural machinery industry of the
Republic of Kazakhstan;
-
to study the situation of
agricultural machinery in the CIS and the world. Research objectives;
-
- systematization of factors
influencing the competitiveness of agricultural engineering in modern
conditions;
-
- evaluation and analysis of the
state of the industry of agricultural machinery in the Republic of Kazakhstan
and the identification of the main barriers hindering the growth of
competitiveness of the industry;
- justification of mechanisms improving the
competitiveness of agricultural engineering in the conditions of accession of
the Republic to the WTO;
- the development strategy of agricultural
engineering RK on the basis of the cluster model. The object of the research:
the industry of agricultural machinery in the Republic of Kazakhstan;
-
- Agricultural engineering CIS and
the world.
The state of agricultural engineering and agro-industrial complex of the
Republic of Kazakhstan:
1. The value of agro-industrial complex
The
development of agro-industrial integration, consolidation and merger of
relatively independent units of production and processing of agricultural raw
materials, delivery to its customers, is formed of the agroindustrial complex
(AIC). It is a complex production system. The structure of the agricultural
sector is characterized by areas of activity, integration of specialized links
and territoriality.
Agriculture is strategically significant sector
in the economy, because together with the food industry creates a market of
food products and provides government food reserves. The level and quality of
development of the agricultural sector directly affects food security of the
country, which in recent years has influenced the reduction of the domestic
production of food products and the growth of food imports.
In the Strategy "Kazakhstan - 2050"
agriculture and food industry noted among the priority sectors. The industry,
which plays an important role in the development of agriculture and the economy
in General, is agricultural engineering.
The
development of agro-industrial integration through the formation of mutually
beneficial economic relations between agricultural producers and processors, as
well as other participants of the process chain requires parity prices of
industrial and agricultural products. This condition determines the necessity
of state regulation of prices for agricultural products, as well as the main types
of material and technical resources, the introduction of marginal energy
prices, as is common in most developed countries. About it in the Republic say
many agrarian scientists, but in practice to establish the mechanism of state
regulation of prices Republic while there is by trial and error, leading to
losses.
The
development of agro-industrial complex should be based on productivity growth,
the competitiveness of the agricultural and industrial sectors through the
development of competitive advantages of domestic production, diversification
of production, knowledge-based industries.
As
the economy of Kazakhstan as a whole, the agricultural machinery industry has
not escaped significant crisis and large-scale collapse of production, as
observed in the whole economy in the early 90-ies of XX century.
2. Analysis of problems and prospects of development of agricultural
machinery industry of Kazakhstan
3. The main factors:
1. A close relationship with agriculture of the Republic, which is the
leading consumer of the products of this industry;
2.
The presence of a number of large and medium-sized enterprises that form the
industry and has significant manufacturing capabilities;
3.
The availability of technical and scientific potential of higher educational
institutions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, carrying out training and research
in the field of engineering; 4. The existence of close links with similar
companies in Russia and other CIS countries, which is explained in the
framework of the former Soviet economy, production and technological linkages. Negative
trends in the field of agricultural machinery, which was manifested in the
early 90-ies (reduction of production machines, the rising prices of machinery
and spare parts and others) influenced the level of technical equipment of
agricultural production, even more intensified after the denationalization and
privatization of factories for the production of agricultural machinery.
Like any modern production agriculture is a need for effective means of
production, their continued maintenance, modern service centre. In
now the most urgent task is to update machinery
and tractors agricultural production. So, the average age 80-84% of combine
harvesters and tractors is 13-14 years, with the normative life of 8-10 years.
The availability of all existing equipment should be written off over 80% of
combine harvesters, more than 85% of tractors and seeders, about 90% of the
reapers. According to expert estimates, in the country the need of rural
producers in upgrading equipment is 8 thousand tractors, 4 thousand harvesters,
a thousand sowers and reapers in the year, the acquisition of which requires
funds about 50 billion.
Production of agricultural machinery
in the Republic of Kazakhstan
|
Name |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
the 1st
half of 2013 |
|
Production |
10 357,4 |
8 319,5 |
8 317,1 |
12 242,7 |
21 536,3 |
7 485,7 |
However, at the present time, to replace old machinery and equipment in
these volumes is not possible. This is due to the low demand of the farmers,
the disparity of prices for agricultural products and machinery, low level of
services provided machine-tractor stations (service centers) due to their
incompleteness of both technology and equipment. However, large and efficient
farmers have certain abilities upgrade technological Park, however, this
situation is not typical of most farms. Kazakhstan's forthcoming accession to
the WTO (world Trade Organization) will significantly affect the development of
agriculture, because it will increase competition on the domestic market. In
this context, the competitiveness of the agricultural machinery industry plays
an important role in ensuring the competitiveness and sustainability of the
agriculture of the country.
Obviously, at present, enterprise of
agricultural machinery can not fully solve the problem of technical
modernization of the agricultural sector and improve its competitiveness in
accession to the WTO. However, the industry potentially has the capability of
producing practically significant list of agricultural machinery and equipment.
The country currently has over 100 repair and manufacturing companies
producing spare parts and equipment for agricultural purposes. The production
volume is about 6-7,5 million dollars of products, their market share is 5%.
Currently on the market of agricultural machinery, the trend of consolidation
of major players that are involved both in the production and sale of
agricultural equipment and machinery. Structural changes are also among the
main consumers of agricultural equipment and technology, the characteristics of
demand depend on the geographical region, climate, size of the economy. The
main buyers are the major grain companies (45%); agricultural producers (40%);
distributors-Resellers (15%).
The share of small and medium enterprises, selling spare parts, accounts
for about 50% of the market. According to expert estimates, the capacity of the
market of spare parts for fleet vehicles agricultural country is 127 million.
The demand for spare parts vary by regions of the Republic in the following
sequence: Northern Kazakhstan (Kostanai, Akmola, North Kazakhstan and North of
Karaganda region), South Kazakhstan (Almaty, Shymkent, Zhambyl and Kyzylorda
provinces); Western Kazakhstan (Aktobe and West Kazakhstan oblast); Eastern
Kazakhstan (Pavlodar and East-Kazakhstan region).
Currently, the development of agricultural engineering of the Republic
of Kazakhstan is characterized by the following features:
1. The instability of industrial development,
which has a strong periods of decline and relative growth. In terms of volume
of production of this sector of the economy has not reached pre-crisis levels
and the level of 1992
2. Faster growth of import over export all kinds
of agricultural equipment and machinery.
3. Weak export positions, despite the presence
of a certain production capacity.
4. Low investment activity and weak
material-technical base of enterprises of the sector.
5. Narrow domestic market and weak dynamics of
consumption of agricultural equipment due to insufficient financial viability
of the main consumers of agricultural enterprises.
The
weakness and lack of competitiveness of domestic agricultural machinery
industry is also evident in the export industry positions. Thus, in 2007,
Kazakhstan's share in world exports less than 1%, was ranked among 180
countries of the world are on the exports of agricultural engineering in the
context of groups: machinery for tillage and cultivation of the earth - 68;
machinery and equipment for harvesting - 57; machinery and equipment for food
production - 65; tractors - 67 place.
Agricultural engineering is a priority for the development of the
economy as a whole, since, producing products with a complex technical process
parameters, contributes to the achievement of long-term competitiveness of the
country. It is speculated that one of the promising directions of development
of economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the creation of a cluster of
agricultural engineering. This task is based on objective factors as the main
consumer - agriculture generates potentially large market, given the long-term
goal of entering export markets.
The Ministry of agriculture to resolve this problem carries out a
complex of measures aimed at studying the needs and determine the optimal
fleet. It is obvious that this work requires close coordination and cooperation
of various agencies - government bodies, manufacturers, research institutes,
marketing and consulting organizations to assess the development of the market
for agricultural machinery in Kazakhstan.
Kazakhstan is attractive from the point of view
of foreign investors, including significant interest is the agricultural sector
and associated industries, such as agricultural machinery. The agricultural
machinery industry of Kazakhstan has significant development potential, which
allows to ensure the competitiveness of the industry and to achieve the
production of modern machines and equipment that are in demand on the domestic
and foreign markets.
Considering the challenges of the forthcoming accession of Kazakhstan to
the WTO, it is necessary to pay attention to the following points in the
management of this industry:
-
increase competitiveness through cost reduction and optimization of the
production of agricultural machinery provided for business combinations in a
single technological process;
-financial
support for research infrastructure;
-
creation of conditions for growth of investment due to the tax regime;
- alignment conditions of taxation of imported
and domestic production of agricultural machinery;
-
optimization of the structure of the industry of agricultural machinery and
improvement of the mechanisms for its management;
-
expansion of industrial cooperation with foreign enterprises for the production
of high-tech machinery and equipment.
The analysis shows that the industry of agricultural machinery RK has
some major issues and bottlenecks from the perspective of the development of
competitive industries. The study of the whole technological chain of
production of agricultural machinery in Kazakhstan shows that almost none of
the steps the country has a significant competitive advantage. The potential
exists in rudimentary form, and without the proper synergy between related
technology industries is quite difficult to compete with the leading
countries-exporters of these commodities