Áàãð³é Î.Â.
×åðí³âåöüêèé íàö³îíàëüíèé óí³âåðñèòåò
The understanding of the world is connected with disclosing of the individual contents and originality of object.
Expressions of commonality in
individual worldviews make up the cultural worldview of the group that leads to the social culture, the way people relate to one
another in daily activities and how they cooperate together for the good of the society. Each
culture's worldview is self-contained and adequate in the sense that it
provides a coherent view of reality as perceived and experienced by the
cultural group under consideration.
According to the fact that
the problem of categorization and conceptualization of the world are key
problems of cognitive science, which developed later into cognitive
linguistics, we researched the processes of categorization and
conceptualization of the sphere "health" in English and Ukrainian.
The
analysis of the conceptual system of the semantic field "health" in
English and Ukrainian showed that this concept is included in the domain of
Abstract notions that is structured in the form of the category as in English
so in Ukrainian. Since this category covers the names of materials and notions,
which are uncountable (for instance, water, freedom, friendship, health
etc.), this category can be equal to the category of the state of human
organism within the frames of English and Ukrainian worldviews, because it is
this category that characterizes the abstract notion.
The domination of this or that concept in the semantic field is closely
connected with the process of conceptualization and categorization of the
world, which constantly interact and are divided only in case when the purpose
of conceptualization is comprehension of all sensations, the whole information,
which person gets as a result of work of organs of five senses and estimation
of this activity in terms of concepts. We defined the
dominant components of "health" in British and American
English and came to the conclusion that the dominant components of “health” in
British English are the following: healthiness,
lustiness, healthfulness, vigour, strength, soundness, power, heartiness [´ha:tinəs],
potency [´pəõtnsi],
hardiness [´ha:dnəs],
force [´fë:s], wholeness [´həõlnəs],
puissance, robustness [rəõ´b٨stnəs],
vitality, vigourousness, vivacity [vi´vesiti], energy [´enəd
i:], liveliness, (sl) zing, pizzazz, zip, pep, bounce, stamina,
well-being, euphoria, fitness; in American English: potency
[´poõtnsi],
hardiness [´ha:rdnəs],
wholeness [´hoõnəs],
robustness [roõ´b٨stnəs],
vivacity [vai´vesiti],
force [´fë:rs], energy [´enərd
i], soundness, strength, fitness, (sl) stingo, power, liveliness, vigor.
The
dominant components of “health” in Ukrainian are the following: ñòàí îðãàí³çìó, äîáðîáóò, æèòòºçäàòí³ñòü, ö³ëþùà ñèëà, çäîðîâ³þòü, êîðèñí³ñòü, ñàìîïî÷óòòÿ, íîðìàëüíà ä³ÿëüí³ñòü (îðãàí³çìó), íîðìàëüíå ôóíêö³îíóâàííÿ (îðãàí³çìó), ô³òíåñ, ñâ³æ³ñòü, äóæ³ñòü, êâ³òó÷³ñòü, ñèëà, åíåðã³ÿ, åéôîð³ÿ, æâàâ³ñòü, âèòðèâàë³ñòü. In comparison with English
there are not so many components of “health” in Ukrainian, but
nevertheless they have something in common in English and Ukrainian. The components of health in English such as: lustiness,
vigor/vigour, haleness, strength, power, potency, robustness, force, vivacity,
stingo, energy correspond to one and the same component in Ukrainian such
as: ñèëà; English vigor/vigour, vitality, zing, pizzaz , zip, pep, bounce,
energy correspond to Ukrainian: åíåðã³ÿ; English vitality, vigorousness, liveliness correspond to
Ukrainian: æâàâ³ñòü; English hardiness, stamina correspond to Ukrainian: âèòðèâàë³ñòü; English well-being,
bonnyness correspond to Ukrainian: êâ³òó÷³ñòü; English soundness, heartiness correspond to Ukrainian: äóæ³ñòü; English euphoria
correspond to Ukrainian: åéôîð³ÿ; English puissance corresponds to Ukrainian: ñâ³æ³ñòü; English fitness corresponds
to Ukrainian: ô³òíåñ; English healthiness corresponds to Ukrainian: êîðèñí³ñòü; English healthfulness
corresponds to Ukrainian: ö³ëþùà ñèëà; English well-being corresponds to Ukrainian: äîáðîáóò; English vivacity correspond
to Ukrainian: íîðìàëüíà ä³ÿëüí³ñòü îðãàí³çìó; English vitality, stamina correspond to Ukrainian: æèòòºçäàòí³ñòü; English wholeness, robustness correspond to Ukrainian: çäîðîâ³ñòü.
Contrastive linguistics is
synonymous with contrastive analysis that is the systematic study of a pair of
languages in synchrony with a view to identifying their structural differences
and similarities. We shall use contrastive analysis in this part of the thesis
to define the contrast features of lexeme “health” in English and Ukrainian.
Contrastive analysis on
the level of the grammatical meaning reveals that co-related words in different
languages may differ in grammatical characteristics. From the grammatical
point of view “health” is a noun in English and Ukrainian. In
English a noun is a word expressing substance in the widest sense of the word.
In this concept of substance names of abstract notions (health) are also
included. In Ukrainian noun is an independent part of speech that has its
categoric meaning of substance and is marked by class categories of gender and
living beings/lifeless things, changeable categories of number and case; has
its word forming suffixes and syntactic functions.
From the morphological point of view
abstract nouns do not have the category of number and case forms in English.
Besides, modern English also does not mark nouns for gender, but it does
axpress it through the third person singular by personal pronouns he
(male person), she (female person), it (object, abstraction e.g. health,
or animal), and their other inflected forms. The morphological composition of
noun health in English is the following: simple: vigour,
strength, power, force, energy, zing, pizzazz, zip, pep, bounce, stamina,
euphoria, stingo; derivative: healthiness, lustiness, healthfulness,
haleness, soundness, heartiness, hardiness, wholeness, robustness, vitality,
vigorousness, fitness, liveliness; compound: well-being.
Nouns fall under two classes in
English: proper and common. Common nouns are names that can be applied to any
individual of a class of persons or things, collections of similar individuals
or things regarded as a single unit, materials or abstract notions. And
abstract nouns denote some quality, state, action or idea and are usually
ucountable. As “health” is a state, it is an abstract common
noun in English.
The syntactic characteristics of a noun
in English are the following: it can be proceded by a prepositional phrase, may
be used as attribute, prepositional indirect object and adverbial modifier. For
example: Let’s drink your health. I’ve read about the health of our
economics. You are in bad health.
In Ukrainian nouns have its lexical
grammatical categories such as: concrete and abstract nouns, proper names,
discrete nouns – names of material or countable/uncountable nouns, collective
nouns. Abstract nouns denote some general notions; quality, emotions, state
that are uncountable, mental notions; events and customs. Nouns denoting
quality, emotions, state are always uncountable. As “health” is a
state it is included in the category of abstract nouns in Ukrainian. It does
not have the grammatical category of number and it is the common feature of “health”
in English and Ukrainian. But it has the category of gender and case
(seven) in Ukrainian that is different from English, e.g.: çäîðîâ’ÿ
– neutral, nominative case; çäîðîâ’þ – neutral,
dative case. Nouns in Ukrainian have four declinations. “Çäîðîâ’ÿ” has
–ÿ
ending and that’s why it belongs to declination II. It is used only in singular in
Ukrainian as well as in English. We
destinguish also between three groups of nouns in Ukrainian: hard,
soft and mixed. Lexeme “çäîðîâ’ÿ” is a
part of soft group, because it has –ÿ ending.
Languages differ not only in their
phonological and grammatical systems. Their systems of meaning are also
different. Hence it follows that semantic structures of correlated words of the
Source Language and the Target Language cannot bå co-extensive they can never “cover
each other”. That’s why while investigating the common and differentiating
features of lexeme “health” in English and Ukrainian we deal with its refential
meaning (also called logical, denotative) that has direct reference to things
or phenomena of objective reality, naming abstract notions and processes as
well. Causes of lexical transformations in the rendering of referential meaning
are the following: different vision of objects of reality and different usage;
different semantic structure of a word in the source language and the
target-language; different valency or ñollocability.
Differences
in the lexical meaning of correlated words account for the differences of their
collocability in different languages. The aptness of a word to
appear in various combinations is described as its lexical valency or
collocability. The lexical valency of correlated words in different languages
is not identical. This is only natural since every language has its
syntagmatic norms and patterns of lexical valency. In English a noun can be
used with the following parts of speech: adjective: bad (poor)
health; pronoun: your (my, his, her) health, verb: to
restore the health of economics; article: the health of
economics; another noun: health education; preposition: in bad health. The
change in combinability may bring the change in semantics: there
is health in sunshine – ñîíöå âîëî䳺 ö³ëþùèìè âëàñòèâîñòÿìè. Words, habitually collocated,
tend to constitute a cliche, e.g in English: bad health, robust health etc.
The translator is obliged to seek similar cliches, traditional collocations in
the target-language, e.g. in Ukrainian: ñëàáêå çäîðîâ’ÿ,
ì³öíå çäîðîâ’ÿ. The key word in such collocations is usually
preserved but the collocated one is rendered by a word of a somewhat different
referential meaning in accordance with the valency norms of the
target-language: to enjoy good health – áóòè çäîðîâèì; poor
economic health – ïîãàíèé ñòàí åêîíîì³êè; regain
one’s health – âè çäîðîâèòè. Different
collocability often calls for lexical and grammatical transformations in
translation through each component of the collocation may have its equivalent
in Ukrainian, e.g. the collocation “She swims for her health” cannot be
translated as “Âîíà ïëàâຠäëÿ ñâîãî çäîðîâ’ÿ” but „Âîíà
çàéìàºòüñÿ ïëàâàííÿì, ùîá áóòè çäîðîâîþ”.
In Ukrainian a noun is usually used
with adjectives: ì³öíå çäîðîâ’ÿ, another
noun: çäîðîâ’ÿ íàö³¿, verb:
áåðåæè çäîðîâ’ÿ, pronoun:
òâîº çäîðîâ’ÿ, preposition: âïëèâàòè
íà çäîðîâ’ÿ ëþäèíè. In Ukrainian
the word order is not fixed and “çäîðîâ’ÿ” as a noun can
have free position: Íàö³¿ çäîðîâ’ÿ – îñü, ùî ãîëîâíå! and
Çäîðîâ’ÿ íàö³é – îñü, ùî ãîëîâíå;
Çäîðîâ’ÿ áåðåæè çìîëîäó and Áåðåæè
çìîëîäó çäîðîâ’ÿ.
So, English and Ukrainian have common
and differentiating features and more clearly they may be pointed out while
investigating the semantic field “health” in both languages.