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Neologisms

                             Writer: Yana Adamchuk

Supervisor: Rynda Ilona Volodymyrivna

Khmelnitskyi specialized lyceum-boarding school of the profound training in the scientific sphere

    Neologism is any word or set expression, formed according, to the productive structural patterns or borrowed from another language and felt by the speakers as something new.

    New words and expressions or neologisms are created for new things irrespective of their scale of importance. In every case either the old words are appropriately changed in meaning or new words are borrowed, or more often coined out of the existing language material according to the patterns and ways productive in the language at a given stage of its development.

    The intense development of science and industry has called forth the invention and introduction of an immense number of new words and changed the meanings of old ones: allergic, computer, isotope feedback, nuciear fission, penicillin, pulsar, tape-recorder, supermarket and many more.

    Neologism is a term which refers to any new lexical unit, the novelty of which is still felt. Coinage of new lexical units in the system of language may be traced along different lines:

   a) derivation

   b) composition

   c) word-combination

   d) root-creation

   e) new applications of existing words

   f) foreign borrowings

    Neologisms are freguently coined out of elements (morpfemes or words) which exist in a given language.

    Deliberate coinage is mostly the product of the creative impulse, where ingenuity and imitation seem to be blended in variable proportions.

    In deliberate coinages there is often an analogy with some other word or word in the language.

    There are also acronyms among neologisms by which we mean now words formed by combining the initial or first few letters of two or more words, such as: UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization), NABISCO (National Biscuit Company), RADAR (Radio Detecting and Ranging).

    The resources of the vocabulary are considerably extended, where new words are made on the pattern of other words, such are: adderessograph, phonograph, autograph, linotype similary – monotype, stenotype; dictaphone combines clements found in the words dictate and telephone, just as travelogue is a cross between travel and dialogue.

     In epochs of social upheaval neologisms come into the language in large numbers. Such neologisms make up semantic groups connected with various spheres of social-political life, culture, science, technology etc.

    Thus, for instance, with the progress of science, technology, political and cultural life, the 19th  century has brought large number of new words, special political and technical terms in various branches of science, e.g. capitalism, communism, pauperism, proletariat, industrialism, agrarian, reactionary, pacifist, automat, calorifer, telegraph, telephone, aviation, phonograph, phraseology, consonantism, bronchite, myocarditis, microbe, neurology, etc.

    The 20th  century characterized by a most intensive development of various sciences technique culture and political life has brought a multitude of new formations. Examples of such neologisms are Marxism, Leninism, trade-unionism, militarism, militarist, colonialism, colonianist, revanchist, antimilitarism, antidemocratic, antenna, broadcast, electron, listen-in, loud-speaker, sound pictures,  static, thermos-bottle, television, camouflage, dreadnought hangar and so forth.

    If we only think of the progress which has been made in medicine and the sciences auxiliary to it , such as, for instance, bacteriology, biochemistry, and the like, we feel the difference that marks off our day from that of only a few generation ago.

The tragic events of 11 September 2001 and their consequences, especially America declared a "war on terror" have found a deep imprint in the vocabulary of the English language of the 21st century. Derivational activities of state and political leaders (or "speech-writers") has created a new neologism. Such as new words and phrases in speeches and speeches of US President George Bush, which are called "Bushism".Àlso a large number of new words appeared due to the development of computer technology :

·                                                                                   personal computer (PC) - PC;

·                                                                                   multiuser - computer for a few people;

·                                                                                   neurocomputer - electronic analog of the human brain;

·                                                                                   hardware - computer parts;

·                                                                                   software - computer software;

·                                                                                   megabyte of computer memory - megabytes (name of the special unit of computer memory);

·                                                                                   doqusware - a computer program designed for destruction program computers.

·                                                                                   liveware - professionals who work with computers;

 

We use other types of lexical items, such as:

·                                                                                   dial-a-taxi - taxi by phone;

·                                                                                   dial-a-meal - dinner on request telefonumachine translation - machine translation;

·                                                                                   interlingual - an artificial language for machine translation into several languages

·                                                                                   voice verification - a biometric device that recognizes voice.

 

In the field of film, television and video are there many new techniques, and after that there are many neologisms, such as: inflight movies - movies that demonstrate in flight in an aircraft;

·                                                                                   serial - a movie with a unique plot, series;

·                                                                                   series - a movie in which each series is a separate, complete story;

·                                                                                   featurette - short documentary;

·                                                                                   HDTV (High Definition Television) high-definition television images;

·                                                                                   chat show - an interview with a celebrity, which is broadcast from the studio;

·                                                                                   kidvid - TV shows for children;

·                                                                                   eyevideopler - TV for video playback.

 

English, like other languages ​​of the world, actively enriched by vocabulary peculiar to different professions, social groups and ages. And the fact that our world progress gives us mozhlyvst bishe create new words.

 

Sources:

ü                                                                               http://knowledge.allbest.ru/languages/3c0b65625b2ad78b5c43b89521216c36_0.html

ü                                                                               ‟English Lexicology Sources„   N.M.Rayevka

ü                                                                               ‟The English Word„   I.V.Arnold

ü                                                                               ‟English lexicology theory and practice„  A.G.Nikolenko